1 credit payment in international trade there is a certain risk for exporters
1、国际贸易中信用证支付方式对于出口商存在一定的风险
Often used in international trade payment of the purchase price includes the remittance, collection and credit these three ways. But because of the nature of the remittance and collection are of commercial credit, must be risked for exporters large foreign exchange risks. Therefore, China's import and export trade in the past more than 80% of bank credit are based on a letter of credit payment. But through practice found that a letter of credit for exporters is also not a no-risk way to pay. This is mainly because the importer or the issuing bank can take advantage of a variety of the credit can not avoid the "soft terms" performance is difficult to form the exporters or the document does not match then there is no way exchange earnings. If the market conditions have changed, there has been market risk, you can also make use of the so-called documents, just "strict compliance" rule, does not have real meaning through some discrepancies as its interface "refuse to pay" or is shirk responsibility for payment, while the exporter is not only unable to bear the risk of exchange earnings, but also need to take notice of the letter of credit fees. Therefore, a letter of credit for exporters is not the best way to choose, you need to find a better way to pay.
　在国际贸易中经常使用的货款支付方式主要包括了汇付、托收以及信用证这三种方式。但是因为汇付与托收的性质都是属于商业信用,对于出口商来说必须要冒着较大的收汇风险。因此,我国以往的进出口贸易中有80%以上都是采用的银行信用的信用证支付方式。但是通过实践发现,对于出口商来说信用证支付也并不是一种没有风险的支付方式。这主要是因为进口商或者是开证行能够利用信用证中的各种不能够避免的“软条款”来形成出口商所难以履约或者是单证不符进而没有办法收汇。如果市场条件发生了变化,出现了市场风险,还可以利用所谓的单证、单单“严格相符”的规则,通过一些并不具备实质意义的不符点来作为其接口“拒付货款”或者是对付款责任进行推脱,与此同时出口方不仅仅需要承担无法收汇的风险,还需要承担信用证的通知费。因此对于出口商来说信用证支付并不是最好的可选择方式,需要寻找到更好的支付方式。

2, international trade letters of credit for importers and there is not enough high risk  http://www.ukthesis.org/jr/
　2、国际贸易中信用证支付对于进口商来说不够高效并存在风险

For importers, the required credit payment procedures for opening letters of credit rather cumbersome, and the need to take up the amount of money is quite large, the need to bear the cost is also high, and banks in the process of credit business process , often only need to ensure that documents the surface without the need for strict compliance with the letter of credit related to the specific goods, it can not confirm the quality of the goods, which for exporters provided the opportunity for fraud and the conditions in which the importer need to face a greater risk. Meanwhile bank letter of credit in the process takes some time, and efficiency is not high compared to other approaches, more and more difficult to adapt to modern logistics and cash flow requirements for high efficiency. However, remittance, collection and other non-credit payment but has a credit payment do not have these advantages, which makes importers increasingly unwilling to accept credit payment.#p#分页标题#e#
　对于进口商来说,信用证支付方式所需要开立信用证的手续相当繁琐,并且所需要占用的资金量也相当大,所需要承担的费用也较高,并且银行在办理信用证业务的过程中,往往都只需要保证单据表面与信用证严格相符而不需要涉及到具体的货物,也就无法对货物的品质进行确认,这就为出口商进行诈骗提供了机会与条件,使得进口商所需要面临的风险更大。同时银行在办理信用证时需要耗费一定的时间,和其他方式相比效率不高,越来越难以适应现代物流与资金周转对效率的高要求。但是汇付、托收等各种非信用证支付方式却拥有信用证支付方式所不具备的这些优势,这就使得进口商越来越不愿意接受信用证支付方式。

3, non-credit payment has become the mainstream of international trade payment methods

Global economic integration has become an irreversible trend, which makes quite rapid development of international trade between countries and within countries between competition becomes extremely intense. Payment of international trade has become a common means of competition in the means. When the market conditions are more favorable for the buyer, in order to be better able to expand the international market, to explore a more excellent customer resources, exporters will more often used in importing more favorable payment terms, which makes the non-payment by letter of credit widely adopted. In Europe and other developed countries, the trade volume of 80% to 90% are used in non-credit payment for settlement, while in the Asia Pacific region to use the credit for clearing the percentage decreasing. This shows that in a buyer's market conditions, payment of commercial credit in the global ratio will gradually increase.

Second, the international credit payment-Africa trade several common use pattern of

1, part of the advance payment, the balance paid after shipment mode

According remittance remittance main instruments used can be divided into three ways: wire transfer (T / T), mail transfer (M / T) as well as ticket exchange (D / I). In these three ways banks ticket exchange is often used in international trade way. The wire of the time it is determined that a wire transfer of two ways - advance payment and to pay the purchase price.

In the advance payment mode, the importer for the exporter provides production funding, so that the exporter's cash flow and facilities are more convenient. In this particular transactions under the contract of sale, so that exporters no longer need to bear the foreign exchange risks, but the importer must want to trade all the risks in the production process for commitment. And to pay the purchase price if the prepayment contrary, importers in the transaction does not exist in the process of credit and funding risks, but they must be on the production of exporters in the presence of all the risks assumed.

As can be seen from here is entirely built on the basis of commercial credit bank wire way, whether it is the manner in which, importer and exporter of capital commitment and risk burdens do not exist on the balance at all. So in international trade if only a simple way to use the advance payment or payment method to pay for the transaction is unfair to both parties. However, if it is for a certain kind of payments under the contract for the sale of 50% of the advance payment and 50% to pay the purchase price, then you can make money trading can take on both sides in a fair condition. But if it is from the perspective of risk exposure, the importer because we would need to pay in advance so the risk is slightly higher than necessary exporter. Therefore, in the real course of trade, importers usually reduced in proportion to the advance payment, in such a way to reduce the risks they need, but the ratio of the specific needs both parties to carry out consultations and decisions, and decisions according to the situation of both credit, trust and financial situation as well as their strength at the negotiating table, usually are between 20% to 40%.#p#分页标题#e#

The biggest advantage of this approach is that the required formalities will be more simple, fast, usually within three working days to arrival and transfer the required fees are more affordable, payment in international trade is the most convenient, but also relatively reasonable way. This approach is more in line with international trade high demands for efficiency, but it has the disadvantage is also more evident that commercial credit, for the importer who must face the loss of prepayment risk, and it is for the exporter the balance must be faced with the risk can not be safely recovered. Therefore, choosing this approach requires both sides have good credit, and has a good basis for cooperation and experience.

2, with a single collection and deposit, standby letters of credit and other means of payment modes combined

Mainly with a single collection with a single against payment (D / P) and with a single against acceptance (D / A) of these two methods. With a single payment by, the importer must be paid in full the purchase price including the bill of lading can be obtained after the package, including related documents. And letters of credit as compared importer's payment procedures will be more convenient, and the need to take up the burden of the cost of capital and requires relatively small, so this is for the importer to a more favorable payment methods . In this way, under the same time, the export side need only risk importers refused to pay the purchase price, refused to receive the goods. When the risk occurs, the exporter will be shipped back to domestic stocks of goods before handling, or storage place to find new buyers. But in either case, the exporter needs to suffer some losses. In order to avoid this risk the losses, often also in combination with other methods. There are two main ways: First, to combine and pay a deposit, this approach is the importer began performing at the signing of the exporting Party went first to pay a deposit, the deposit of goods to and from the lower limit of the required fee, in such a way to ensure that the importer to reject the goods, the exporter may be less susceptible to damage. The second way is, and standby letters of credit or bank guarantee letters are combined. In the International Settlement and standby letters of credit and bank guarantees in the letter of guarantee are very important form. Both methods are parties to the transaction in order to provide all the necessary guarantees to ensure that the contracts can be fulfilled, and when the guaranteed performance, the other party to the transaction can obtain the guarantor of the compensation. This approach is purely commercial credit payment into a bank credit method, but it is conditional.

3, electronic payment

Today, e-commerce is no longer a new term, the development of e-commerce payment of money and means have had a huge impact. Electronic payment in international trade is mainly used in electronic check payments with electronic cash payment as the main tool.#p#分页标题#e#

For the import and export both sides, electronic payment is an operating convenient, efficient and economical means of payment. In international trade payment letter of credit conditions, are able to use electronic payment modes. Under the letter of credit in non-electronic payment used only under a traditional means of payment of the existence of credit risk, but also have to bear the information theft, loss of information as well as hacking and other technically legal and other risks. Credit risk and legal risk in both export credit insurance can take such risks, and the use of international factoring business and other ways to carry out prevention. But technically it is import and export all kinds of risks both sides in the current technical conditions beyond the control of risks, many of which are related technologies need to be able to progress as far as possible to narrow. Even so, the rapid development of e-commerce, making electronic payments is inevitable, and the development will be faster.

Third, the conclusion

In international trade, there is no perfect method of payment, non-credit payment methods has its own advantages and shortcomings, but relatively speaking, but more able to adapt to current trends in the development of international trade. In international trade need to select a payment method from the actual situation of their own starting with the anti-risk ability, as far as possible to choose the method of payment for one's own benefit, not only need to consider their own economic management strength, often negotiating table clash will have a great impact. Although non-credit payment in international trade and increasing the proportion of high, but this does not mean that it has a very sound, on the contrary almost every way, there are certain risks. Therefore, in international trade, the use of non-credit payment must be reasonable use of their advantages to expand with its own advantages, but also need to guard against the risk of its shortcomings can bring.