英国essay范文：中国与亚洲内陆署政府部门 

 

1. Introduction  介绍

 

Essay  writing  is  one  of  the  important  skills  that  students  in  our  department  are  meant  to acquire. Essay writing skills are trained initially in the first year, when students write short coursework  essays  based  on  English-language  material  for  their  core  course  in  History  & Culture  of  China  (Chinese  103).  (Joint-degree  students  do  not  take  this  course,  but  will normally  be  taught  basic  essay  writing  skills  in  the  first-year  core  courses  for  their  other subject.) In the second year of their degree, students carry out an independent research project, which  is  concluded  with  a  longer  essay  based  on  both  Chinese-language  and  English-language  materials.  In  the  third  year,  academic  essay  writing  skills  are  further  developed through research exercises and essays for Chinese 303 and Chinese 304. In the final year, the essay writing training culminates in the writing of the BA dissertation (Chinese 402), which is compulsory for single-subject students and optional for joint-degree students.  （联合学位学生不走这条路，但在他们其他科目的第一年核心课程通常会教导基本的写作技能。 ）在他们的学位的第二年，学生进行独立研究项目，其中得出的结论是基于两个中国语言和英语语言材料更长的文章。第三年，学术论文写作技能进一步通过研究练习和散文对中国303和304中国发展。在最后的一年，论文写作培训在BA博士论文（中国402 ） ，这是强制性的单一学科的学生和可选的联合学位学生的写作达到高潮。

 

2. Why a style sheet?  

 

Good  academic  writing  must  be  based  on  verifiable  sources.  People  who  read  your  essay must  be  told  where  exactly  you  found  your  information.  Although  some  very  basic information can be expected to be common knowledge for your readers, all other information that you have relied on while writing your essay must be credited. Reproducing a source or an idea without crediting the original source is plagiarism.  良好的学术写作必须以可核查的来源。谁读你的文章的人必须被告知在什么地方你找到你的信息。尽管一些非常基本的信息可以预计常识为你的读者，你已经依靠在写你的文章必须存入的所有其他信息。再现源或一个想法，不计入原始来源是抄袭。#p#分页标题#e#

 

It is good practice to credit your sources in a consistent way, making use of a standard system. The preferred system in our department is the so called “notes and bibliography” system, as described in the Chicago Manual of Style. The Chicago System is the most common system used in English-language academic work in the humanities. The Chicago Manual also has an “author-date” system, which is used for the natural sciences and which is different from the system described here.  

 

Commercial  software,  such  as  the  EndNote  package  which  is  installed  on  most  SOAS computers  and  the  Zotero  software  that  is  freely  available,  can  help  you  produce  correct references  in  the  Chicago  humanities  system  (or  any  other  internationally  recognized system). 1  Please  note  that  such  software  does  not  normally  know  how  to  handle  Chinese-language  materials,  so  you  will  still  have  to  refer  to  this  style  sheet  when  dealing  with Chinese-language references. 

 

3. The Chicago humanities system  

 

The Chicago Manual of Style is available in the SOAS Library. They also provide a “Quick Guide” to the system online at the following address:  

 

                                                 

1  If you use Zotero, make sure to select “Chicago Manual of Style (Note with Bibliography)” and not “Chicago Manual of Style (Full Note with Bibliography).” In Endnote, choose “Chicago 15 th  A” and shorten the footnotes manually. 

 

 

The printed manual and the website give examples of both the humanities system and the sciences system. For our department, only the humanities system (note and bibliography) is important,  and  its  main  features  are  described  below.  Also  below  you  will  find  specific information about how to handle Chinese-language materials, which you will not find in the printed manual or on the website.  

 

The manual and website also provide much information about academic writing in general, which you may find very helpful. If you are in need of general advice about writing essays, you might also want to have a look at the information provided on the website of the SOAS Academic Development Directorate. This is the address:  #p#分页标题#e#

 

 

4. Footnotes and bibliography  

 

If a passage in your essay is a direct quote or a paraphrase of a source you have read, you must provide a footnote to indicate your source. At the end of your essay, you must provide a bibliography  that  lists  all  the  sources  you  have  used,  i.e.  all  sources  mentioned  in  your footnotes as well as any additional sources that you looked at while writing the essay and that helped you, even if you did not quote or paraphrase them directly. The ways in which you refer to a source in a footnote and in the bibliography are different. Further down you will find examples for all main types of sources, explaining how to put them in a footnote and how to put them in the bibliography.  

 

5. How to quote  

 

If you copy a passage literally from one of your sources, this is “quoting” and the quote needs to be sourced with reference to the page number(s). For quotes, be sure to copy the words exactly, including punctuation, capitalization, and spelling. If your quotation is shorter than three lines, integrate it into the text. Use double quotation marks (“ ”) to distinguish them from your paraphrases or your text, and use single ones (‘ ’) for quotations within quotations. When you add something to quotes, use square brackets [ ] to distinguish your additions from the original author’s wording. Longer quotations need to be set off as a separate paragraph, without quotation marks. Indent the entire paragraph slightly from both margins. 

 

When quoting from a Chinese source, if the source is in standard modern Chinese you may suffice  with  giving  an  English  translation  plus  a  footnote  to  the  source  where  the  original Chinese text can be found. But if the source is in classical Chinese or in non-standard modern Chinese (for instance dialect writing or early modern vernacular), then please provide both the  English  translation  and  the  original  Chinese  text  of  the  quoted  passage,  as  well  as  a footnote. 

 

6. Footnotes and word count 

 

In most cases, when you write an essay, dissertation, or independent study project, you will be asked to limit the length of your writing to a specific number of words. The SOAS rules for coursework and dissertations state the following about word counts: 

 

Word  count:  is  defined  as  the  number  of  words  contained  in  the  submitted  work including  quotations,  footnotes,  titles,  abstracts,  summaries  and  tables  of  contents. Appendices and bibliographies are not included in the word count. Appendices will not normally be marked and they must not include material essential to the argument developed in the main body of the work. #p#分页标题#e#

 

Students who hand in work that exceeds the stated word count will have their marks reduced. Since  footnotes  are  included  in  the  word  count,  students  are  not  expected  to  include  full bibliographical information about their sources in the footnotes. Instead, students are allowed to use the shortened version of citations in their footnotes. For examples, see below. 

 

IMPORTANT: Although the rules state that “summaries” are included in the word count, this  does  NOT  apply  to  the  Chinese  summary  that  must  be  included  in  the  BA  Chinese dissertation that is part of the course unit Chinese 402. 

 

6. References to English-language materials  

 

Below are examples of how to refer to the most common types of English-language sources (books,  articles,  websites).  In  each  case,  we  provide  examples  both  for  the  reference  in  a footnote  and  in  the  bibliography.  The  footnotes  are  all  in  the  “shortened  version”  of  the Chicago system. After each example, we provide some notes in square brackets explaining some of the general principles underlying the system.  

 

Please note that the use of commas and full stops is subject to clear rules in any referencing system. The general rule for the Chicago system is that commas are used to separate parts of a footnote reference, and full stops to separate parts of a bibliography reference, with some exceptions noted below.  

 

If  you  cannot  find  an  example  below  for  the  type  of  source  you  need  to  refer  to,  please consult the Chicago Manual or their website.  

 

a) book by a single author  

 

In footnote:  

 

Lastname, Short Title in Italics, page number(s). 

 

Spence, Search for Modern China, 36.  

 

[NOTE:  A  footnote  is  usually  a  reference  to  a  particular  page  or  set  of  pages  in  a  book. Occasionally you might need to add a footnote to a passage that paraphrases an entire book, or the main idea of an entire book. In that case, no page numbers are included.]  

 

In bibliography:  

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Lastname, Firstname. Title in Italics. Place of publication: Name of publishing house, year of publication.  

 

Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China. London: Hutchinson, 1990.  

 

[NOTE: Because a bibliography is always organized alphabetically by author’s surname, the 

author’s surname comes first in the bibliography entry.]  

 

b) book by more than one author  

 

In footnote:  

 

Lastname and Lastname, Short Title in Italics, page number(s).  

 

Spence and Chin, Chinese Century, 45-57.  

 

[NOTE:  When  paraphrasing  a  number  of  pages  in  a  source,  use  a  hyphen  between  page numbers, as in “45-57” in this example.]  

 

In bibliography:  

 

Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. Title in Italics. Place of publication: name of publishing house, year of publication.  

 

Spence,  Jonathan  D.,  and  Annping  Chin.  The  Chinese  Century:  A  Photographic  History. London: HarperCollins, 1996.  

 

[NOTE: Only the first author is listed with the last name first!]  

 

If  you  are  dealing  with  a  publication  by  four  or  more  authors,  all  names  go  into  the bibliography entry, but in the footnote it suffices to give the name of the first author followed by “et al.” (Latin et alii, meaning “and others”). See the Chicago Manual of Style website, mentioned above, for examples.  

 

c) edited volume  

 

In footnote:  

 

Lastname, Short Title in Italics, page number(s).  

 

Hockx, Literary Field, 33.  

 

In bibliography:  

 

Lastname,  Firstname,  ed.  Title in Italics.  Place  of  publication:  Name  of  publishing  house, year of publication.  

 

Hockx, Michel, ed. The Literary Field of Twentieth-Century China. Richmond: Curzon Press, 

1999.  

 

[NOTE:  The  shortened  footnote  does  not  include  the  term  “ed.”  (=editor)  but  the bibliography  must  include  this  information,  to  distinguish  clearly  edited  volumes  from authored books.] #p#分页标题#e#

 

d) article or chapter in an edited volume  

 

Edited  volumes  are  collections  of  articles  by  different  authors,  and  you  will  often  find yourself referring to only one particular article, in which case it is good practice to provide a specific reference to that article, rather than to the whole book. In that case, the page numbers become important, as they tell your reader where exactly in the book the particular article can be found. Note that in this case, the page numbers for the first and last page of the article must appear in the bibliography entry!  

 

In footnote:  

 

Lastname, “Article Short Title in Quotes,” page number(s).  

 

Findeisen, “From Literature to Love,” 73.  

 

[NOTE: Titles of articles are given in quotes and titles of books in italics.]  

 

In bibliography:  

 

Lastname, Firstname. “Article Title in Quotes.” In Book title in italics, edited by Firstname Lastname, first page-last page. Place of publication: Name of publisher, year of publication.  

 

Findeisen,  Raoul  David.  “From  Literature  to  Love:  Glory  and  Decline  of  the  Love-Letter Genre.” In The Literary Field of Twentieth-Century China, edited by Michel Hockx, 67-98. Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999.  

 

[NOTE: The Chicago system prefers to put commas and full stops inside quotation marks. The Chicago Manual does mention that it is more common in British English to have the quotation  mark  first  and  then  the  comma  or  full  stop.  If  you  wish,  you  may  follow  that convention.]  

 

e) article in a printed journal  

 

In footnote:  

 

Lastname, “Article Short Title in Quotes,” page number(s).  

 

Fuller, “Strange terrain,” 36-37.  

 

In bibliography:  

 

Lastname,  Firstname.  “Article  Title  in  Quotes.”  Journal  Title  in  Italics  Volume  number (Year): first page-last page. 

 

Fuller,  Danielle.  “Strange  Terrain:  Re-Producing  and  Resisting  Place-Myths  in  Two Contemporary Fictions of Newfoundland.” Essays on Canadian Writing 82 (2004): 21-50.  #p#分页标题#e#

 

[NOTE: titles of articles are in quotes and titles of journals in italics.]  

 

Some  journals  do  not  only  have  a  Volume  number  but  also  and  Issue  number,  which  is included as in the following example:  

 

(footnote)  

 

Scherf, “Legacy,” 135.  

 

(bibliography)  

 

Scherf, Kathleen. “A Legacy of Canadian Cultural Tradition and the Small Press: The Case of Talonbooks.” Studies in Canadian Literature 25, no. 1 (2000): 131-49.  

 

f) article in an online journal (including JSTOR) 

 

Many articles that appear in printed journals also have online versions. If you read printed articles online, you may choose to refer to them as articles in printed journals, even though you did not read them in print, or you may choose to treat them as articles in online journals, in  which  case  the  format  below  applies.  When  referring  to  an  article  on  JSTOR,  please include the so-called “stable” URL. 

 

In a footnote:  

 

Damrosch, “Semiotics,” 528. 

 

In bibliography: 

 

Damrosch, David. “The Semiotics of Conquest.” American Literary History 8, no. 3 (1996): 516-532. Accessed October 17, 2011. 

 

[NOTE: It is good practice to mention the date on which you accessed a particular online source, because online materials can sometimes change contents rather rapidly!]  

 

7. References to Chinese-language materials  

 

In bibliography references to Chinese-language materials, you should give the authors’ names in pinyin followed by Chinese characters, and the source title in pinyin followed by Chinese characters and an English translation in brackets. For articles in books or journals, only the title of the article requires characters and an English translation, whereas the title of the book or journal in which it is included can just be in pinyin. Places of publication and names of publishing houses also just in pinyin. Since Chinese family names always come first, there is no need to separate the family name from the given name by a comma in the bibliography, i.e. where  you  would  write  “Spence,  Jonathan”  in  the  bibliography  for  a  western  name,  for  a Chinese name you can just write “Wang Wenxing” or “Bai Meiying” without the comma in between.  #p#分页标题#e#

 

In  footnotes,  give  only  the  author’s  name,  a  short  title  in  pinyin,  and  the  relevant  page number(s). Since Chinese family names are relatively few, it is best to provide the full name. But  if  there  is  more  than  one  author,  then  it  is  alright  just  to  mention  family  names.  For examples, see below. 

 

Remember  that  the  only  correct  way  to  write  a  Chinese  name  in  pinyin is  by  writing  the family name (xing 姓) and the given name (ming 名) both as one word. So “Mao Zedong”, not “Mao Ze Dong” or “Mao Ze-dong”.  

 

If you are unsure about how to write something in pinyin, you can find the official rules for pinyin spelling on the very useful website .You can also refer to the information provided in Appendix 1 in John DeFrancis, ed., ABC Chinese-English Dictionary (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1996), 835-845.  

 

[NOTE: When people with Chinese names publish in English, they sometimes choose to put their  given  name  first.  In  that  case  you  do  need  to  adhere  to  the  normal  format  for  the bibliography.  So  if  Mr  Wang  Wenxing  publishes  in  English  under  the  name  “Wenxing Wang”, then he would appear in the bibliography as “Wang, Wenxing” with the comma!]  

 

a) some examples of references to Chinese-language materials  

 

Book by one author  

 

footnote: 

 

Wang Dewei, Xiangxiang Zhongguo, 35-36. 

 

bibliography: 

 

Wang Dewei 王德威. Xiangxiang Zhongguo de fangfa 想象中國的方法 (Ways of Imagining China). Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 1998.  

 

Journal article by two authors  

 

footnote: 

 

Yang and Zheng, “Meiguo wenxue,” 40. 

 

bibliography: 

 

Yang Weiguo 楊衛國, and Zheng Tong 鄭彤. “Meiguo wenxue de shenceng jiegou” 美國文學的深層結構 (The Deep Structure of American Literature). Waiguo wenxue yanjiu congkan 45, no. 12 (1978): 34-45.  

 

Edited volume  

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footnote: 

 

Peng Xiaoyan, Wenyi lilun, 56. 

 

bibliography: 

 

Peng  Xiaoyan  彭小妍  ,  ed.  Wenyi lilun yu tongsu wenhua 文藝理論與通俗文化  (Literary Theory and Popular Culture). Taibei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan, 1999.  

 

Article or chapter in edited volume 

 

footnote: 

 

He Maixiao, “Wu Xinghua,” 215-216. 

 

 

bibliography: 

 

He Maixiao 賀麥曉. “Wu Xinghua, xin shi shixue yu wuling niandai Taiwan shitan” 吳興華，新詩詩學與五〇年代臺灣詩壇 (Wu Xinghua, the Poetics of New Poetry, and the Taiwanese Poetry Scene of the 1950s). In Wenyi lilun yu tongsu wenhua, edited by Peng Xiaoyan, 207-230. Taibei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan, 1999.  

 

8. Websites, weblogs, newspapers, etc:  

 

The Chicago Manual online guide states that most references to websites and weblogs (and also to newspapers) can be described in the main text. If you want to make a formal reference in your bibliography to such material, then the online guide provides some examples of how to  do  that.    Bear  in  mind  that  if  the  source  is  in  Chinese,  you  should  once  again  provide pinyin, characters, and English translation for authors and titles in your bibliography. 

 

9. Films 

 

If your research refers to films, these should be credited in a separate “filmography” at the end.  Filmography  entries  should  provide  title,  format  (videocassette,  DVD,  etc.),  name  of director, place and name of production studio, and year. 

 

(English-language film) 

 

Chan Is Missing. DVD. Directed by Wayne Wang. San Francisco: Wayne Wang Productions, 1982. 

 

(Chinese-language film) 

 

Wanzhu 顽主 (The Troubleshooters). DVD. Directed by Mi Jiashan 米家山. Chengdu: Emei dianying zhipianchang, 1989. 

 

It is not necessary to put references to films in footnotes. 

 

 

10. In conclusion  

 

Clarity of referencing and consistency of citation style are taken into account when marking student essays and dissertations. For an indication of how this is done, please refer to the published marking guidelines of the Faculty of Languages and Cultures, available here:  #p#分页标题#e#

 

(for BA essays and dissertations)  

 

 

(for MA essays and dissertations)  

 

 

If you have any comments on this style sheet, or any suggestions or additions, please contact Prof Michel Hockx ([email protected]).