Research Paper代写范例：Organization Theories and Concepts
Research Paper代写范例-组织理论与概念。本文是一篇本站提供的research paper代写参考范文，主要内容是讲述人口因素取决于某人的教育程度、背景、年龄、国籍、种族、性别等。组织更喜欢那些具有良好社会经济背景等，受过教育的人和年轻人，因为他们能够更好地执行任务。具有良好知识和沟通技能的年轻而充满活力的专业人员是完美的，并且总是受到组织的高度需求。对人口因素的研究很重要，因为它有助于管理者为工作选择合格的候选人。下面就一起来看一下这篇research paper代写范例的具体内容。
According to Michael Mattson & John Ivancevich, the key factors influencing the differences in human behavior patterns are demographic factors, perception, ability and skills, personality and attitudes as follows:
1. Demographic factors: Demographic factors depend on someone Education, background, age, nationality, race, gender, etc. Organizations prefer those individuals who promote good socio-economic background, etc. and who are educated & young people as they can better perform tasks. The young and dynamic professionals with good knowledge and communication skills are perfect and always in high demand by organizations. The study of demographic factors is important because it helps managers to select the qualified candidate for a job.
Michael Mattson和John Ivancevich认为，影响人类行为模式差异的关键因素是人口统计学因素、感知、能力和技能、个性和态度，如下所示：
1.人口因素：人口因素取决于某人的教育程度、背景、年龄、国籍、种族、性别等。组织更喜欢那些具有良好社会经济背景等，受过教育的人和年轻人，因为他们能够更好地执行任务。具有良好知识和沟通技能的年轻而充满活力的专业人员是完美的，并且总是受到组织的高度需求。对人口因素的研究很重要，因为它有助于管理者为工作选择合格的候选人。
2. Ability & skills: Ability can be defined as the physical capacity of a person to do something. And Skills can be defined as the ability to act in such a way that allows a person to do a good job perfectly. Individual behavior and performance is strongly influenced by the level of skills and competencies. A person can show good results in the organization if his or her abilities and skills match with the work requirement.
The manager has a very important role in the selection and assignment of individuals with particular job.
3. Perception: Perception is a process by which an individual reaches the sensory awareness or understand the information. The “perception” comes from the Latin word perceptio, percipio, which means “receiving & collecting.”
There are many factors that affect the perception of an individual. The study of the perception plays a vital role for managers, as they know how to create a favorable atmosphere for work so that employees perceive them in a better way. Employees will probably give better results if they perceive it in a positive and proper way.
4. Attitude: According to psychologists, the attitude can be defined as the tendency to react positively or negatively to certain people, objects or situations. Factors such as family, culture, society and organizational factors influence attitude formation. Employees can do better for the organization if it is a positive attitude. It contributes to business growth and development
5. Personality: Personality comes from the Greek word “persona”which means “mask” is defined as the study of personality characteristics and distinctive personality traits, the relationship between them, and how a person reacts and adapts to other people and situations. There are a number of factors that influence the personality of the individual i.e family, heredity, society, culture and situation. It’s a fact that people differ in their way, responding to the organizational environment. Personality can also be termed as the most difficult aspect of human beings, which affects their behavior in a big way. It is shown that the study of personality traits offers an opportunity to understand peoples. This helps them to properly channel their efforts and motivate them to complete the organizational goals. Each organization requires a certain type of behavior from its employees and such behavior can be detected by monitoring, training, education, exposure, etc.
Task for P4
Organization theory refers to the study of the phenomena of organizational functioning and performance & of the behavior of individuals and groups working in them.The main theories to study the organization are as follows:-
Classical theory:
Efficiency & productivity can be enhanced by improving the efficiency of the workers. F.W.Taylor is considered as the father of scientific management. According to him men are like machines, as good maintained machines production is more likewise healthy men can work more. He assumed there is one best method for every job. He introduced standardization of tasks, division of labour, analysis of work & time measurement. He introduced the concept of fair day wages for fair days.
According to him production is improved by teamwork and not by conflict. The goal is maximization of output and not limitation. The best means of doing a job needs for appropriate tools, motivation and fair wages.
Bureaucratic theory: Organization designed to carry out large scale administrative tasks by thoroughly coordinating the work of many individuals. A German sociologist Max Weber introduced the idea of Bureaucracy.
Salient features
A person is said to have power or authority, If within the social framework his will can be imposed on others despite resistance for structuring human groups, becomes a special instance of power called “authority” or domination.
Systems theory: Organization is as a system in which coordinated personal activities of two or more persons, held together by the potential for creating a common purpose, by willingness on the part of its members to participate in its processes and effective communication.
Contingency theory
It is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to make decisions or to lead a company. Instead, the optimal course of action is dependent upon the internal and external situations. It is also called a situational theory.
Functions of Management:
Planning: This is the first tool function in the management process. The difference between successful and unsuccessful manager is within the planning process. Planning is the logical thinking through the goals and decision making on what needs to be done to achieve organizational goals.
Organizing: The manager must know their subordinates and that they are able to arrange the most valuable company resources, ie its employees. This is achieved through proper management of personnel of the division, the acquisition of resources, establishment of training and organization of work groups in a productive and creative team.
Leading: organizational success is determined by the quality of leadership. “A leader can be a manager but the manager is not necessarily a leader,” says Allen, Gemmy. Leadership is the power of influence of one person over another, to encourage action aimed at achieving the objectives of the company.
Controlling: A process that ensures plans are implemented correctly and precisely. As said by Gemmy Allen’s Controlling is the last link in the chain of functional management activities and brings management cycle full circle.
Managerial Roles:
According to Henry Mintzberg there are ten managerial roles which are briefly developed here:
FIGUREHEAD: The manager performs ceremonial & symbolic duties as head of the organisation.
LEADER: To develop an appropriate working atmosphere and motivating and developing subordinates.
LIASION: Develops & maintains a network of external contacts to gather information.
MONITOR: Collects internal & external information relevant to the company.
Distributor: Pass a realistic and important information to their subordinates.
SPOKESPERSON: communicates with the outsiders on the performance & policies.
OWNER: Designs and initiates changes in the company.
VIOLATIONS handler: Deals with unexpected events and operational failures.
RESOURCES distributor: Management and allows the use of organizational resources.
NEGOTIATOR: Participates in negotiation activities with other individuals and organisations.
Managerial authority:
Managerial authority is the position that empowers a manager to exercise command and control over those individuals placed under him for realization of the assigned role in an organisation. Originally, the overall authority is centrally given in person of the manager. However, it is quite hard for a man to effectively execute and monitor each and every task. Therefore, various functions with a suitable authority are devolved downwards to concerned low levels for better output. The practice also provides a foundation for ‘organisational tree’ specifying various powers and responsibilities in both vertical and horizontal hierarchy.
2.能力和技能：能力可以定义为一个人做某事的身体能力。技能可以定义为一个人能够完美地完成工作的能力。个人行为和表现在很大程度上受到技能和能力水平的影响。如果一个人的能力和技能与工作要求相匹配，他/她就能在组织中取得好成绩。
经理在选择和分配具有特定工作的个人方面发挥着非常重要的作用。
3.感知：感知是个体达到感知意识或理解信息的过程。“感知”来自拉丁语percepio，percipio，意思是“接受和收集”
影响个人认知的因素有很多。对感知的研究对管理者来说起着至关重要的作用，因为他们知道如何为工作创造有利的氛围，让员工以更好的方式感知他们。如果员工以积极和恰当的方式看待这一点，他们可能会给出更好的结果。
4.态度：根据心理学家的说法，态度可以定义为对某些人、物体或情况做出积极或消极反应的倾向。家庭、文化、社会和组织因素等因素影响态度的形成。如果员工有积极的态度，他们可以为组织做得更好。它有助于业务增长和发展
5.个性：个性来自希腊语“persona”，意思是“面具”，它被定义为研究个性特征和独特的个性特征，它们之间的关系，以及一个人如何对其他人和情况做出反应和适应。影响个人个性的因素有很多，即家庭、遗传、社会、文化和环境。事实上，人们对组织环境的反应方式各不相同。人格也可以被称为人类最困难的方面，它在很大程度上影响着他们的行为。研究表明，对个性特征的研究提供了一个了解人们的机会。这有助于他们正确地引导自己的努力，并激励他们完成组织目标。每个组织都要求员工有某种类型的行为，这种行为可以通过监控、培训、教育、曝光等方式来检测。
P4的任务
组织理论是指对组织功能和绩效现象的研究&对在组织中工作的个人和群体的行为的研究。研究组织的主要理论如下：-
经典理论：
通过提高工人的效率可以提高效率和生产力。F.W.Taylor被认为是科学管理之父。据他说，人就像机器，机器保养得好，生产也就越健康，人就能工作得更多。他认为每一份工作都有一种最好的方法。他介绍了任务标准化、分工、工作分析和时间测量。他提出了公平日工资的概念。
据他说，生产是通过团队合作而不是冲突来提高的。目标是产出最大化，而不是限制。最好的工作方式需要合适的工具、动力和公平的工资。
官僚主义理论：通过彻底协调许多个人的工作来执行大规模行政任务的组织。德国社会学家马克斯·韦伯提出了官僚主义的概念。
突出特点
一个人被称为拥有权力或权威，如果在社会框架内，他的意志可以强加给他人，而不受构建人类群体的阻力，那么他就成为了被称为“权威”或统治的权力的一个特殊例子。
系统论：组织是一个系统，其中两个或两个以上的人协调的个人活动，通过创造共同目标的潜力，通过其成员参与其过程的意愿和有效的沟通联系在一起。
偶然性理论
这是一类行为理论，声称没有最好的方法来组织一个公司、做出决策或领导一个公司。相反，最佳行动方案取决于内部和外部情况。它也被称为情景理论。
管理职能：
规划：这是管理过程中的第一个工具功能。成功和失败的管理者的区别在于计划过程。规划是通过目标和决策对实现组织目标需要做什么进行逻辑思考。
组织：经理必须了解他们的下属，并且他们能够安排公司最有价值的资源，即员工。这是通过对该部门人员的适当管理、资源的获取、培训的建立以及富有成效和创造性的团队中工作组的组织来实现的。
领导：组织的成功取决于领导的素质。杰米艾伦说：“领导者可以是管理者，但管理者不一定是领导者。”。领导力是一个人对另一个人的影响力，以鼓励旨在实现公司目标的行动。
控制：确保计划正确、准确地实施的过程。正如杰米·艾伦所说，控制是职能管理活动链中的最后一环，使管理周期完整循环。
管理角色：
根据Henry Mintzberg的说法，这里简要介绍了十个管理角色：
图头：经理作为组织负责人履行仪式和象征性职责。
领导：营造合适的工作氛围，激励和发展下属。
责任：开发和维护一个外部联系人网络，以收集信息。
MONITOR：收集与公司相关的内部和外部信息。
分发者：将现实而重要的信息传递给下属。
发言人：与外部人士就绩效和政策进行沟通。
业主：设计并启动公司变更。
VIOLATIONS处理程序：处理意外事件和操作故障。
RESOURCES分配器：管理并允许使用组织资源。
谈判员：参与与其他个人和组织的谈判活动。
管理权限：
管理权限是指授权管理者对其下属的个人行使指挥和控制权的职位，以实现组织中指定的角色。最初，总体权力是由经理亲自集中授予的。然而，一个人很难有效地执行和监督每一项任务。因此，具有适当权力的各种职能向下下放到相关的低级别，以获得更好的产出。该实践还为“组织树”提供了基础，规定了纵向和横向层次结构中的各种权力和责任。
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