本文是经济学专业的Essay范例,题目是“Reflection of the Impact of Globalization on China(反思全球化对中国的影响)”,在过去的30年里,国际贸易和投资的增长速度非常快,超过了世界经济。许多公司决定将业务扩展到国外,在国际上雇用员工。商店里提供各种各样的产品,相互竞争。这种技术的引入使经济增长了他们进行国际贸易的机会。
Over the past 30 years, international trade and investment are very fast- growing and expand faster than the world economy. Many firms decided to expand their business outside their countries, employing peoples internationally. Varieties of products are offered in the stores competing against one another. The technology has been introduced which allows the economy to increase their chance of trade internationally.(1)
“Globalization is today’s objective trend in the economic development in the world in which featured by free flow and optimized allocation of capital, technology, information and service into the global context. It is result in development of the productive forces and advances in science and technology.”(1)
“As a result, economic interdependence and interaction between countries are very strong. In the economic sense globalization means that means there is no country in the world which can develop and prosper in their isolation and successful without trading internationally. China has therefore learnt from their history that isolation in business leads them to go backward. Development progress and prosperity could only be able to achieved through the integration of the outside the countries by increasingly exchanges and cooperation with other countries in the world and influenced by human civilization. Therefore, the globalization gives the world opportunities to keeping up with the changing world outside their origin country.”
“因此,国家之间的经济相互依存和互动非常强烈。在经济意义上,全球化意味着世界上没有任何一个国家能够在孤立和成功的情况下发展和繁荣,而不进行国际贸易。因此,中国从历史中学到,商业上的孤立会导致倒退。发展的进步和繁荣,只有通过与世界各国的交流与合作,在人类文明的影响下,通过外部国家的融合才能实现。因此,全球化让世界有机会跟上原籍国以外不断变化的世界。”
The Criticle Reflection on the Impact on China
Globalization is the process of increasing the integration between different countries and economies by increase the impact of the international influences on other economic aspects.
China sees globalization as their key to economic development and securing a better future for its 1.3 billion of populations.
As the world’s greatest opponent of globalization, China, due to the lack of international economic order, the influence of globalization on specific countries in different stages of their development is entirely treated different. Most of the developed countries often benefit from globalization through their capital, technology, human resources and administrative expertise. On the other hand, developing countries are on focus mainly on the unfavourable position where they can benefit from other foreign investment, advanced technologies and management expertise. (3)
中国作为全球化在世界上最大的反对者,由于缺乏国际经济秩序,全球化对处于不同发展阶段的特定国家的影响是完全不同的。大多数发达国家往往通过其资本、技术、人力资源和行政专门知识从全球化中获益。另一方面,发展中国家主要集中于它们可以从其他外国投资、先进技术和管理专门知识中获益的不利地位。(3)
China is benefit from being a fast growing economy. This is mainly occur due to their low cost of manufacturing and labour. Many Westerns companies have change to use Chinese labour more extensively. China has been successfully reduced their poverty through their economic system by mainly focused on increasing openly to trade and foreign investment with other countries.
Even though China’s political system has been run by the communist party, their approach and how they form their strategies in order to promote their economic growth and development has become a bigger player in globalization
The accession of China to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 has further improve its economy through the integration into the world economy and furthermore into the globalization. As the result becoming part of WTO members they are entitled to provide non-discriminatory treatment to all other members and all foreign individuals. In order to protect the domestic industries and service providers, the price controls is not to be used in this purposes. WTO provided regulations to restrict China’s export subsidies on their agriculture products as they aimed to revise their existing domestic laws and therefore restart their new legislation in compliance with the agreement. In order for China to optimize their export structure and fully participate in international trade. China has to agreed to seize the opportunity under WTO who actively optimist its export structure.
2001年中国加入世界贸易组织(WTO),使中国经济进一步融入世界经济,进一步融入全球化。作为成为世贸组织成员的结果,他们有权向所有其他成员和所有外国个人提供非歧视性待遇。为了保护国内产业和服务提供商,价格管制不用于这一目的。世贸组织提供了限制中国对其农产品出口补贴的规定,因为中国希望根据协议修改现有的国内法律,从而重启新的立法。以优化中国的出口结构,充分参与国际贸易。中国不得不同意在WTO框架下抓住积极乐观其出口结构的机会。
However it does gives China to liberalize its regime in order to integrate in the world economy and offer more pleasant environment for trade and foreign investment in accordance with WTO regulations. This is possible to lead to reduce in the level of corruption in political systems which then pull its index and ranking up as China become more attractive to the foreign investors and traders
“From 1983 to 1985 China has double-digit GDP growth as it has been accompanied with the first wave of the foreign investment into China and the development of non-state enterprises.” (4)
“In 1989-1991 The growth start to slow down after the Chinese Government has set the price reform in 1988 which resulted in panic buying and runaway inflation. The price stability was achieved by cancelling large fixed investment projects, slowing domestic demand, foreign investment fell off after the Beijing Massacre of June 1989” (4)
在1989-1991年,中国政府在1988年制定了价格改革,导致了恐慌性购买和失控的通货膨胀,经济增长开始放缓。价格稳定是通过取消大型固定资产投资项目、国内需求放缓、1989年6月北京大屠杀后外国投资减少而实现的。”
“In Recent year the global economic crisis began to reduce China’s economic growth rate, the government decided to injected 4 trillion RMB into the economy in form of economic stimulus package consisting largely of investment in infrastructure and human capital” (4)
As a result of industrialization and increase in infrastructure and investment in China , the agriculture sector as a percentage of GDP has been dramatically decreased from 29% to 13% in 1997 to 2003, as the farm that used to do agriculture has been converted into cities and factories. It might be also that all other industries have been producing much more than the agriculture industry. This economic growth has been very attractive to the western expansion market, which later has result in more market-based economy with globalization and deregulation by the Chinese government. The recent trend growth rate is at average of 9.4 % over the past decade is 1.7% higher than other countries in Asia. As China is a major economy in the world, their main competitor which has another major economy is the USA.
Globalization helps China to make a better use of foreign investment to promote the increase in their industrial construction. As Labour cost in China is very low respectively, it become very attractive to the foreign investment. The more consumption of labour, the faster they can speed up the high development of new technological industries, thus China’s industrial can compete internationally.
全球化有助于中国更好地利用外资,促进其工业建设的增加。由于中国的劳动力成本非常低,这对外国投资非常有吸引力。劳动力消费越多,就越能加快新技术产业的高速发展,从而使中国的工业具有国际竞争力。
Globalization also lead to the increase in the level of trades in China as subject prior to 1978. China’s trade has been conducted under the system of state where a foreign trade corporations monopolized all foreign trade. Under the planning regime, import has been minimized while exports authorized only for the extent to pay for the imports. In the last 20 years, the systems has been changed dramatically and China’s trade has expanded enormously, the increase in the share of the world trade.
The foreign direct investments and transnational corporations (FDI and TNC’s) have been increasing very rapidly since the globalization and the opening of the markets and deregulation by Chinese economy. FDI and TNC encouraged in the modern agricultures, high tech industries, infrastructure and construction. They focus on the development of the western regions, and the re-engineering of State Owned Enterprises. Foreign investment capital became major factor in growth. However, rapid growth has caused some problems such as, high inflation rates in urban areas which may leading to increasing economic inequalities between regions and social group.
随着中国经济的全球化、市场开放和放松管制,外国直接投资和跨国公司(FDI和TNC)迅速增长。现代农业、高科技产业、基础设施和建筑方面鼓励外国直接投资和跨国公司。他们关注西部地区的发展和国有企业的重组。外资成为拉动经济增长的重要因素。然而,快速增长造成了一些问题,如城市地区的高通货膨胀率,这可能导致区域和社会群体之间的经济不平等加剧。
The last area this report will be discussed is about the environmental issues in China. In an attempt to maximize the opportunities of globalization, China may pursue unsustainable practices. As globalization increase the level of economic growth, the environmental problems also arise. The fact that China has been getting used to be the fastest growing economy with high growth rate and development and HDI levels that environmental issue may be less concern by the government. As it play less important part in the growth of the economic situation. As the major exports are based on the manufactured goods, the process of manufacturing involves degradation or pollution done to the environment. “It is estimated that 300 million peoples are drinking contaminated water in China, only 20% of solid waste is properly disposed of, and only 10% of the sewage is treated.” These problems are very costly, as about 7 %of China’s GDP and could rise to 13 % if the problem are not to be addressed.
本报告将讨论的最后一个领域是中国的环境问题。为了最大限度地利用全球化的机会,中国可能会采取不可持续的做法。随着全球化经济增长水平的提高,环境问题也随之出现。事实上,中国已经习惯了成为增长最快的经济体,拥有高增长率和发展水平,人类发展指数水平,环境问题可能不太受政府的关注。因为它在经济增长中扮演的角色不那么重要。由于主要的出口产品是以制成品为基础的,制造过程涉及对环境的破坏或污染。“据估计,中国有3亿人饮用受污染的水,只有20%的固体垃圾得到了妥善处理,只有10%的污水得到了处理。”这些问题的代价非常高昂,约占中国GDP的7%,如果不加以解决,可能会上升到13%。
The problem of the air pollution in South East Asia is very serious occurs due to the increase in industrial production contributing to poor environmental quality. The increase in the amount of oil used through the production, it may impact the rest of the world as well as China, such as, they may faced the problem of rise in oil price as the demanded created by China has increased the consumption.
Conclusion结论
The globalization benefits China in terms of economic growth and economic development. As China has lower their trade barrier internationally which leads to the increase in the international trade and foreign investment, this results in significant levels of economic growth and development. It also give the competition for the domestic industries and encourage high level of efficiency and competitiveness. The Chinese government provided the more ways in which to promote its domestic and international investment. However, the inequality in distribution of income still a problem. The growing economy also caused the problem to the environment through the pollution.
全球化有利于中国的经济增长和经济发展。随着中国在国际上降低了贸易壁垒,这导致了国际贸易和外国投资的增加,这导致了显著的经济增长和发展水平。它也给国内产业带来竞争,鼓励高水平的效率和竞争力。中国政府为促进国内外投资提供了更多途径。但是,收入分配不平等问题仍然存在。不断增长的经济也通过污染对环境造成了问题。
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