经济学Essay范文模板：Cause and Effects of Unemployment in Jamaica

本文是经济学专业的Essay范例，题目是“Cause and Effects of Unemployment in Jamaica（牙买加失业的原因和影响）”，这个项目包括关于牙买加失业情况的资料，以及为改善就业可以做些什么。失业是宏观经济学有不同类型的失业，例如摩擦性失业“这是一种自愿失业，因为需要时间来匹配求职者和职位空缺”，结构性失业指的是大量失业工人(劳动力)无法满足大量劳动力需求。

“季节性失业”指的是人们因为某些原因而被临时雇佣，比如酒店或超市由于季节性(圣诞节、而周期性失业指的是由商业周期引起的失业波动，更具体地说，是由经济衰退引起的失业。在这个项目中，你会发现关于这个问题的信息，为什么它被认为是一个经济问题，与失业有关的理论和模型，推荐可以用来纠正失业的经济概念和发明，以及应用这些概念和发明的好处。

This project is consisting of information on unemployment in Jamaica and what can be done to improve employment. Unemployment is macroeconomics There are different types of unemployment such as frictional unemployment ‘this is a type of voluntary unemployment that arises because of the time needed to match job seekers with job openings’, structural unemployment ‘this happens when a large amount of unemployed workers (labor force) isn’t qualify for a large amount of labor force demand’. seasonal unemployment, ‘this is when persons are employed temporary for reasons such as a hotel or supermarket needing extra help because of a season (Christmas, summer) but will cut loose those workers when that season period is finish’ and cyclical unemployment ‘this is used to refer to the fluctuation in unemployment that is incurred by business cycles, more specially, the unemployment caused by economic recessions’. In this project you will find information on this problem and why it is consider being an economic one, the theories and model pertaining to unemployment, recommend economic concepts and inventions that can be employed to correct unemployment and the benefits of applying these concepts and inventions.

What is the economic problem?

Unemployment in Jamaica

Unemployment Spikes to 14.1% with 23,000 Jobs lost

Unemployment is one of the main problems affecting Jamaica. According to Streetdirectory, ‘Unemployment refers to the condition and extent of joblessness within an economy, and is measured in terms of the unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed workers divided by the total civilian labor force.’ (Sinha, 2012)

According to The Gleaner, published Friday May 18, 2012, ‘Some 23,000 jobs were lost last year after the current survey was done.’ In January 2012, The Labor force Survey release in May put the unemployment rate at 14.1 per cent compared to last year, which was at 12.9 per cent. The labor force has grown to 177,200 and the latest survey shows that some 9,300 people dropped out of the labor force, cutting the pool from 1.27 million to 1.26 million.

据2012年5月18日(周五)发布的《收集者》(The Gleaner)称，“在当前的调查结束后，去年约有2.3万人失业。”2012年1月,劳动力调查发布5月份把失业率在14.1%与去年相比,在12.9%。劳动力已发展到177200年,最新的调查显示,约有9300人退出了劳动力,降低了从127万年到126万年。

The Gleaner also stated that ‘The result for the January 2012 survey, which was conducted over the period December 18-24, estimate that there are 686,900 males and 573,700 women in the labor force.’ The employed pool totaled 1.08 million, of which was 56.7 per cent or 614,800 are men and 468,600 or 43 per cent are women. The Gleaner also states that, ‘The spike in unemployment is heavily skewed towards females among whom the unemployment rate is 18.3 per cent, while for men it is 10.5 per cent. Sectors with the largest jobs cuts over one year included construction, 10,900 jobs lost, and professionals, senior officials and technician, 10,200 cuts.

Statin estimates that the persons seeking work in the January 2012 survey as increased by 4.3 per cent.

The effects unemployment has on Jamaica失业对牙买加的影响

Unemployment affects majority of our Jamaicans especially the inter city areas and in particular the youth of this area. Unemployment creates many problems such as crime and violence, lowering of one’s self-esteem, and poverty. Etc. Crime and Violence comes to present because when unemployed person are in need and cannot assist themselves or other, they turn to robbing and killing others to satisfy their needs and wants.

失业影响到我们大多数牙买加人，特别是城市间地区，特别是这一地区的青年。失业造成许多问题，如犯罪和暴力，降低一个人的自尊和贫穷。等。犯罪和暴力之所以出现，是因为当失业人员需要帮助，无法帮助自己或他人时，他们就会转而抢劫和杀害他人，以满足自己的需要和欲望。

The lowering of one’s self-esteem may occur when they see another working and being able to assist themselves while he/she can’t do the same. This can lead to crime and violence.

Poverty is a big issue in today economy and most unemployed person are the one facing this situation. When person can’t work and afford things, this lead to financial problems, divorce, children losing their education and health, hunger, fights and more which then can lead to poverty.

Why consider unemployment to be an economic problem?

Unemployment is an economic problem due to the fact that when the economy is not doing well, businesses begin to lay off workers

It affects consumer confidence in terms of consumers that are employed will start to devote their money more in savings than to spend it on unnecessary items because of the fear of them losing their jobs.

High unemployment creates pressure on the government budget. High unemployment reduces the total taxation receipts the government receives because people without an income won’t be able to pay their income tax. This will then place a drain on the government funds as the unemployed claim the job search allowance.

高失业率对财政预算造成压力。高失业率减少了总税收收入，因为没有收入的人将无法支付他们的所得税。这将导致失业人员申请求职津贴时政府基金的枯竭。

Unemployment reduces the output of goods and service that could otherwise have been produced by unemployed labor force. If unemployment rate is very high, an economy will produce below its potential. Etc

Economic Theories and model pertaining to this problem

Classical economic theory

According to the lead authors, Global Development and Environment Institute, Neva R. Goodwin, Julie A. Nelson, Frank Ackerman, Thomas Weisskopf ‘ classical economic theory, ‘ unemployment is seen as a sign that smooth labor market functioning is being obstructed in some way’. The classical approach assumes that markets behave as described by idealized supply-and-demand model. The labor market is seen as though it were a single, static market, characterized by perfect competition, spot transaction, and institutions for double auction bidding (Global Development and Environment, 2006).

Resume help for Unemployed

Assess the Gap

According to Teena Rose, director of resume-writing firm ExpertResume.com, ‘the best way to address an employment gap depends on how long one has been out of work’.

She states that if one is unemployed for a year or less, then the best thing to do is to not say anything. This is not necessary to place on resume (Kim Isaacs, 2012).

Short Run Phillip Curve短期菲利普曲线

The short run Phillips curve shows the inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation rate. According to theory, when there is high unemployment, producers can set lower wages and still attract labor. When unemployment level is low, firms will have to pay high wages in order to attract labor as there wouldn’t be much competition between them. This theory contradicts with two of the four main aims of the government low/stable inflation rate and low unemployment level.

短期菲利普斯曲线显示了失业率和通胀率之间的反比关系。根据理论，当失业率高时，生产者可以设定较低的工资，但仍能吸引劳动力。当失业率较低时，企业将不得不支付高工资以吸引劳动力，因为它们之间不会有太多竞争。这一理论与政府低/稳定的通货膨胀率和低失业率的四个主要目标中的两个相矛盾。

Economic concepts or intervention that can be used to correct unemployment

According to Kimberly Amadeo and About.com Guide, the solution for unemployment is obviously to create new jobs. They state that a healthy economic growth rate of 2-3% is enough to create the 150,000 new jobs needed to keep unemployment from rising. (Kimberly Amadeo, 2012)

According to Answers, the solution for unemployment can be correct in many ways, such as, a) cutting in real wage, cutting in real wage are a reaction to the view that through their demands for higher wages, some groups of workers have priced themselves out of a job. b) Unemployment agencies could tighten their job search and acceptance requirement. c) Improving the education and training provided to young people, with a greater focus on vocational skills. d) Government support to struggling industries in order to try and save jobs. e) The government needs to try and create demand in economy. This could give grant to businesses to produce goods, have projects such as road building, cut interest rates to encourage spending and cut income tax to encourage spending. f) Countries need to ensure that their welfare systems do not provide disincentives to workers. (Answers, 2012)

根据Answers，解决失业问题的方法可以在很多方面是正确的，例如，a)削减实际工资，削减实际工资是对这样一种观点的反应，即一些工人群体通过要求更高的工资，使自己失去了工作。b)失业机构可以收紧找工作和接受工作的要求。(3)改善对青年的教育和培训，更加注重职业技能。政府对陷入困境的行业的支持，以挽救就业机会。e)政府需要尝试在经济中创造需求。这可以资助企业生产商品，建设道路等项目，降低利率以鼓励支出，并削减所得税以鼓励支出。f)各国需要确保其福利制度不会对工人造成不利影响。(答案,2012)

Phillip curve

It’s a large believe that unemployment could be solve using the Phillips curve. This involves increasing inflation to reduce unemployment by fooling workers into accepting jobsat at a lower rate than they would otherwise have done, due to the declining value of money.

Demand side supplies需求方面的供应

Monetary policy and fiscal policy can both be used to increase short-term growth in the economy, increasing the demand for labor and decreasing unemployment. The demand for labor in an economy is derived from the demand for goods and services. As such, the demand for labor will increase, increasing employment and wages.

货币政策和财政政策都可以用来增加经济的短期增长，增加劳动力需求和减少失业。一个经济体对劳动力的需求源于对商品和服务的需求。因此，对劳动力的需求会增加，就业和工资也会增加。

Supply side policies

Minimum wages and union activity keep wages from falling, which means too many people want to sell their labor at the going price but cannot. Supply-side policies can solve this by making the labor market more flexible. This includes removing the minimum wage and reducing the power of unions, which act as a labor cartel. Other supply side policies include education to make workers more attractive to employers. Cutting taxes on businesses and reducing regulation, creates jobs and reduce unemployment. (curve)

What are the benefits of applying the economic concept above?

Creating new jobs

Creating new jobs accommodates employment, growth in GDP, develop infrastructure, help to reduce depts and more. Having a job is essential in living life and retiring at a comfortable age and this is something that all individual looks forward to and without them having a job this may lead to crime and violence. The concept of creating new job will increase employment and decrease unemployment.

Cut in wage

Not cutting the real wage can allow persons to keep their job instead of pricing themselves out.

Unemployment agencies could tighten their acceptance requirement and job search.

Job agencies tightening their acceptance requirement and job search could lead to more persons that are not fully qualified or have the right requirement to have the chance to be employed instead of them being unemployed.

Improving the education and training provided to young people, with a greater focus on vocational skills.

Improving the education and training of young adult will help them to be better equipped for the working world. One way is to train them by actually allowing them to do the work instead of teaching them orally and from them writing. This will help them to better understand and to have gained some experience.

改善对年轻人的教育和培训将有助于他们更好地适应工作世界。一种方法是训练他们，让他们做作业，而不是教他们口头和写作。这将有助于他们更好地理解和获得一些经验。

The government needs to try and create demand in economy.

Government creating demand in the economy will also workers to produce more goods and interest rate will be cut which will then produce more spending of consumer.

Government support to struggling industries in order to try and save jobs.

Government supporting struggling industries and trying to save jobs will help in building the economy, reduce unemployment and more.

Supply side policies

Inputting supply side policies will allow wage and union to not fall to a lower price so a lot of person will be able to sell their labor at a going price. This can make the labor market more flexible by removing the minimum wage and reducing the power of union, which act as a labor cartel.

Demand side supplies需求方面的供应

Monetary policy and fiscal policy can both be used to increase growth in the economy. This can increase the demand for labor and decrease unemployment, the demand for economy is derived from the demand for goods and services so the demand for labor will increase which will increase employment and wages.

货币政策和财政政策都可以用来促进经济增长。这可以增加对劳动力的需求，减少失业，对经济的需求来源于对商品和服务的需求，所以对劳动力的需求会增加，从而增加就业和工资。

Recommendation

I would strongly recommend that the government of Jamaica try to find new ways to implement strategies that can produce employment in Jamaica because with so many person unemployed, it is affecting the economy and also affecting the citizens. With so many persons being out of job it affects their daily life which leads to disaster such as robbery, crime and violence, lack of education to children and young adult and more.

Conclusion结论

It has been concluded that unemployment have a major effect on Jamaica economy. With unemployment rate increasing each year, it affects families, students and others. Unemployment is an economic problem due to the fact that when the economy is not doing well, businesses begin to lay off workers, It affects consumer confidence in terms of consumers that are employed will start to devote their money more in savings than to spend it on unnecessary items because of the fear of them losing their jobs and more.

已经得出结论，失业对牙买加经济有重大影响。随着失业率逐年上升，它影响到家庭、学生和其他人。失业是一个经济问题因为当经济不是做得很好,企业开始裁员,它影响消费者信心的消费者而言,采用将开始将他们的钱储蓄比把钱花在不必要的物品,因为他们害怕失去工作。

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