英国兰卡斯特大学课件范文(Lancaster University)：安全及环保措施与温室气体排放之间的相互关系

Interrelations - Safety and environmental protection measures versus GHG emissions
相互关系 - 安全及环保措施与温室气体排放量

The comprehensive and detailed regulations ensuring necessary minimum protection of crew, passengers, the environment as well as the ship are interrelated in many ways. The effect of changes by introducing amendments within the safety regime may well be in disharmony with one or more objectives within the environmental regime and vice versa. Some examples of objective inconsistency may be obvious whilst the effect of others might involve complex mechanisms and may therefore not emerge as obvious.
广泛及详细的规定，以很多种相关的形式确保了船员，乘客，环境及船舶的必要最低限保护。通过在安全制度的范围内，引入修改变化的影响，可能会与一个或多个目的环境制度相反，反之亦然。

The introduction of unintentional effects caused by the implementation of any measures should be considered (UNCLAS). In many cases, it is evident that the working groups of the MEPC and the MSC do consider such effects. One example is that of the discussions on measures preventing the transfer of unwanted harmful aquatic substances, when introducing the change of ballast water in open seas. The potential consequences on both strength and stability was forwarded to appropriate working groups and dealt with. However, it does not seem to be any standard mechanisms ensuring such considerations to be undertaken. As many cases might not occur obvious, this might be necessary.
强度和稳定性的潜在后果转发到适当的工作组中进行处理。然而，这似乎并没有任何标准的机制，确保将要进行这样的考虑。由于很多情况下，可能不会发生明显的，这可能是必要的。

1. Measures and effects
措施及效果

An assessment on regulative measures related to maritime safety has revealed a number of ten international conventions, agreements, regulations and standards (Table 7-2). SOLAS has been recognised as the most important international regulative frame dealing with these topics.
SOLAS, its main area of application and its development to date, have been assessed in order to define restraints likely to impact the potential of reducing GHG emissions from international shipping. Similarly, an assessment has identified five international conventions defining technical and operational constraints provided to ensure environmentally safe operations. MARPOL is the major tool conducting the extent of such constraints. An assessment of MARPOL regulations have been undertaken in order to identify requirements, recommendations or standards violating the potential of reducing the GHG-emissions from international shipping.
同样，评估确定了五个国际公约定义的技术和业务限制，以确保环境安全的操作。对“防污公约”的主要工具进行了程度等因素的制约。“防污公约”的规定已开展评估，以确定从国际航运的要求，建议或标准，违反减少温室气体排放的潜力。#p#分页标题#e#

1.1. GHG reduction and preventing characteristics
减少温室气体排放和防止特性

Regulative constraints identified have specific characteristics allowing them to be grouped by categories. Such categories are presented in Table 7-3. Table 7-4 and Table 7-5 lists requirements of SOLAS and MARPOL respectively by category following the assessment carried out above.
调控的制约因素使他们能够按类别分组的具体特点。这种类别列在表7-3中。表7-4和表7-5列出了“海上人命安全公约”和“防污公约”要求按类别进行评估。

Category 1 Measures limiting cargo carrying capacity
第一类措施限制载货能力

Initiatives reducing a vessel's ability to utilise actual cargo carrying capacity are initiated on both safety grounds as well as from a pollution prevention stand. Measures might impose operational limitations;
减少船舶的能力，利用实际载货能力的倡议发起在兼顾安全性的理由，以及从污染防治站。措施可能对操作上的限制;

Loading restraints aiming at reducing stress imposed on the vessel structure or they can involve constructional features;
加载限制旨在减少压力对血管结构或涉及的结构特点;

Securing cargo from entering the environment following an incident by requiring a double hull.
确保货物进入环境事件后，要求双壳。

Regulations in MARPOL, Annex I will in effect impose a ban of carrying oil cargo in vessels other than those built with double hull after reaching thirty years of age. The void space between the hulls represents empty space travelling and does represent a fuel penalty. Among category I initiatives, double hull requirement hold the highest penalty potential. Potential fuel penalty carried by category I measures are considered high.
在“防污公约”附件规定，变相禁止携带货油的船舶，除双船体建成后达到30岁。船体之间的空隙较空的太空旅行，并不代表燃油死刑。

Category II Measures introducing additional energy consumers
第二类措施引入额外的能源消费者

Regulations of both SOLAS and MARPOL motivate for the implementation of additional functions resulting in more onboard equipment and hence an increase of items to be accounted for in the energy balance of the vessel.

Requirements on duplication of functions are thought to have a more significant impact on total power requirement than that of introducing new functions. However, technological advance has improved energy efficiency for a number of traditional shipboard functions. The introduction of new requirements might in some cases open for the use of more energy efficient solutions.

Taken into account the limited share of the ship total energy requirement underway represented by energy consumers other than main propulsion, it can be concluded that category II measures represent only minor potential fuel penalty impact.#p#分页标题#e#
采取考虑船舶的总能量需求正在进行中所代表的主推进以外的能源消费的份额有限，但可以断定，第二类措施是只有轻微的潜在燃料罚款影响。

Category III Measures effecting general efficiency

第三类 措施影响一般效率

Identified measures represented in this category include those with impact on the routing patterns of the ship. These might initiate the vessel to obtain a lane that does not represent optimum efficiency. The introduction of restrictions in an area might cause the operators to avoid these either by de-routing and consequently increase fuel consumed or re-load cargo onto other means of transport that might represent a lesser efficiency (land based transport alternatives  http://ukthesis.org/ygsslwdx/  ). However, routing as such do carry a potential of improving fuel efficiency as well (for example weather routing).

The potential of measures falling into category III might cause a significant increase in fuel consumed in transporting goods even though requiring a set of circumstances to be present. The potential fuel penalty can be considered medium.
第三类的措施的潜力可能会导致燃料消耗的显着增加，即使运送货物需要一组的情况下，本。潜在的燃料罚款可以视为中等。

Category IV Miscellaneous measures.
第四类 杂项措施。

Some initiatives in the safety and environmental protection area does not fully comply with the specified categories defined above and have thus been given a separate category. Measures falling into this can be visualised from both SOLAS and MARPOL regulations.

Measures requiring or advising the vessel to use reception facilities might increase fuel consume due to a potential need to undertake energy-requiring onboard processing operations and to increase the length of a voyage. In addition, the vessel will carry additional weight over a longer distance and thus use more energy.

The required inert gas procedures introduce additional equipment and might be argued to belong to category II. However, since CO2 (exhaust from machinery) is sometimes used for the purpose, it is listed under category IV.
惰性气体所需的程序引入额外的设备，可能会说属于第二类。但是，由于二氧化碳（废气机械）有时被用来为目的，它是第四类上市。

The latest Annex of MARPOL is explicitly directed towards the protection from pollution to air emphasising on reducing the emissions of ozone depleting substances NOx and SOx among others. The two latter components origin from the combustion of fuel. As there are a combustion efficiency aspect related to the production of NOx, one will expect the NOx limits drawn to impact the fuel consumption in an unfortunately manner. This is dealt with in depth elsewhere in this study.#p#分页标题#e#
因为有很多有关生产NOx的燃烧效率方面，一会想到画一种很不幸地影响燃料消费的NOx限制。这是处理与深度在这项研究中的其他地方。

Category IV measures are considered only to have a minor potential of impacting the level of fuel consumed.
第四类措施被认为是只能有一个轻微的潜在影响燃料消耗水平。