英国伦敦大学(University of London): 对学生dissertation手册中评估罪行之抄袭及相关内容
11. Assessment Offences
评估罪行
Plagiarism
抄袭
Plagiarism is treated as a major offence by the University of London. This applies equally to copying from books, articles and other works, and the copying of an essay, or other work, written or produced by another student. Plagiarism carries very serious penalties; the consequences may range from the failure of the work
submitted to failing the course and potentially even the entire programme of study.
抄袭被伦敦大学视为一项严重的犯规。这同样适用于书籍，文章和其他作品的复制，复制的文章，或由另一名学生书写或进行。剽窃进行非常严厉的惩罚，后果可能范围从故障工作提交课程不及格，甚至有可能是整个方案的研究。
The most severe consequence could lead to dismissal from the University of
London. Please refer to the College Regulations governing Examination and Assessment Offences (on the following web page) for further details of procedures that will be followed if plagiarism is suspected:
最严重的后果可能被伦敦大学导致解雇。请学院参照规章进一步的细节将遵循的程序，如果被怀疑抄袭，考试及评核罪行。
The definition for plagiarism can be found in the College Regulations, published on the College Website. The College Regulations governing Examination and Assessment Offences state the following:
抄袭的定义，可以发现在学院规则，学院网站上公布。书院规例规管考试及评核罪行列明下列各项：
http://ukthesis.org/Thesis_Tips/Handbook
Plagiarism ‘means the presentation of another person’s work in any quantity without adequately identifying it and citing its source in a way which is consistent with good scholarly practice in the discipline and commensurate with the level of professional conduct expected from the student. The source which is plagiarised may take any form (including words, graphs and images, musical texts, data, source code, ideas or judgements) and may exist in any published or unpublished medium, including the internet.’ … ‘Plagiarism may occur in any piece of work presented by a student, including examination scripts, although standards for citation of sources may vary dependent on the method of assessment. Group working would constitute plagiarism where the discipline or the method of assessment emphasises independent study and collective ideas are presented as uniquely those of the individual submitting the work.#p#分页标题#e#
抄袭'是指介绍他人作品在任何数量不充分识别，并引用其来源的方式是一致的纪律和良好的学术实践水平预计从学生的专业操守相称。这是抄袭的源可能采取任何形式（包括文字，图形和图像，音乐文本，数据，源代码，想法或判断），可能存在于任何已发表或未发表的媒介，包括互联网。'...'抄袭可能发生在任何一幅作品由一个学生，包括考试答卷，虽然可能取决于评估方法的标准引用来源。工作组将构成抄袭的纪律或评估方法的强调自主学习和集体观念作为唯一的个人提交的工作。
An allegation of plagiarism does not necessarily imply an allegation of intent on the part of the student to cheat. Situations which may, however, imply cheating in this context include:
抄袭的指控并不一定意味着对部分学生作弊的指控意图。然而，可能意味着在此背景下作弊的情况包括：
the use of sources which would not normally be available to the student, such as work submitted by others in previous years;
使用的来源，通常不会提供给学生，如前几年其他人提交的工作
(a) an attempt to disacknowledge the plagiarism when presented with material evidence;
当提交其他材料证据时，企图否认剽窃
(b) collusion with another person; and
与其他人串通，及
(c) a repeat offence.
屡犯
To identify plagiarism is an academic judgement, based on a comparison across the student’s work in general, and/or on knowledge of the sources, of practice in the discipline and of expectations for professional conduct. Academic staff may therefore determine that plagiarism has taken place even if the source has not been identified.’
为了找出抄袭的学术判断，在一般情况下，整个学生的工作和/或知识的来源的基础上进行比较，实践中的纪律和专业操守的期望。学术人员可能因此确定抄袭已经发生，即使源尚未确定。“
Avoiding Plagiarism
避免抄袭
1. Wide reading: The more dependent you are on one source or just a small number of sources, the more likely you are to replicate the ideas those authors offer. It is good academic practice to consult as widely as possible, and to focus your reading on the issues raised in the assignment topic rather than retrieving everything you read. The further you progress through your degree programme, the more widely and deeply you will have to read in order to address issues raised in assignments.#p#分页标题#e#
广泛阅读：越是依赖你是一个源或只是少量的来源，你就越有可能复制这些作者提供的思路。这是良好的学术实践，尽可能广泛的协商，并在分配课题提出的问题，而不是检索你读到的一切重点阅读。进一步你的进步，通过学位课程，更广泛和深入，以解决分配中提出的问题，你将不得不读。
2. Careful note taking and paraphrasing ideas: Much preparation for assignments involves taking notes from books or other materials that you are reading. In taking notes, you should be careful not to copy sentences or paragraphs directly, unless you place them in inverted commas. If you omit the inverted commas, you might forget that you copied directly and therefore plagiarise unintentionally. It is good academic practice to learn to paraphrase arguments. To do so, you should read, say, a chapter of a textbook and then use your own words and your own sequence of ideas to record the arguments as they relate to the issues raised by your assignment.
仔细记笔记和解述想法
3. Clear citing and referencing: It is important to record in your notes when a passage is a direct quotation; do not forget to note also the page on which the quotation is located. Direct quotes are very useful mechanisms for conveying key ideas concisely, but in management assignments they should be used sparingly – e.g. for clarifying definitions of concepts. You should avoid citing huge chunks and paragraphs from sources. When you do quote directly, you must use inverted commas, make a clear reference to the source at the point of quotation (e.g. Jones 1999: p.10) and provide its full reference details in a bibliography (reference list) at the end of the assignment.
清除引用和参考
4. Citation of all consulted sources: In order to optimise transparency in academic work, it is necessary to provide a full list of all the sources consulted in writing an assignment. All articles, books and other materials, including Internet sources, should be referenced in conformity with the Harvard system, as specified above.
所有咨询源的引用
5. Wary use of Internet sources: Although it is convenient and quick to gain access to materials on the Internet, you should note that there is virtually no quality control over what appears on the Internet. There are obvious exceptions – such as Web sites established by authoritative institutions (e.g. The Economist; World Bank) – but in general you should think hard before relying on information from the Internet. Where you do make use of such sources, you must give full reference details, including the date you accessed the site.#p#分页标题#e#
警惕利用网上资源
6. Writing individual assignments on your own: Most assignments are designed to examine your individual skills and understanding, and it is important that you write such assignments on your own. This does not prevent you from discussing assignments with colleagues – indeed, this is often a very good practice – but the way you present information and construct an argument should reflect your knowledge and ability.
写自己的上面写个人essay
Duplication
复制
All work submitted must be your own and original. Please note that any work previously submitted for another course or programme (e.g. UG work) at RHUL or any other institution is not acceptable. Para 2 (b) of the 2009-10 Regulations on Assessment Offences makes clear that “the unacknowledged replication of one’s own work in any quantity across separate assessments without sufficient redevelopment to make it novel and appropriate to each assessment is an examination offence. This would include the replication of work which was previously submitted for assessment at another institution”
提交的所有工作必须是你自己和原始。请注意先前提交的其他课程或计划（如UG工作）在房间内或任何其他机构的任何工作是不能接受的。 2009-10评估程序治罪条例“第2条（b）明确指出，”未确认的复制自己的作品在任何数量的分布在不同的评估没有足够的重建，使其新颖，适合每个评估是考试的罪行。这将包括复制的工作，这是以前在另一家机构提交评估“
A note on paraphrasing and quoting: Quotes are direct transcriptions of text from other sources while paraphrasing uses your own words to express others’ ideas. You should attempt to paraphrase where possible and only use quotes sparingly and strategically. Both paraphrasing and quoting require referencing, and quotes must refer to the page number from which they were taken.
意译的注意事项和引用：行情是从其他来源的文字直接抄录，而意译用你自己的话来表达别人的想法。你应该尝试套用在可能的情况下，只使用引号谨慎策略。转述和引述需要引用和引号必须参考的页码被当作。#p#分页标题#e#
You should also refer to the Student handbook of the current academic year for practical instructions on how plagiarism and duplication can be avoided.
你还应该参考，实际说明如何避免抄袭和复制。