
美国经济学Project通常不是一篇普通课程论文,而是对学生综合研究能力的一次检验。学生需要从真实的商业、经济、政策或方法论问题出发,完成选题确认、Proposal Brief、数据收集、模型选择、结果分析以及Final Presentation。
不少学生搜索“经济学Project代写”“美国Project代写”“美国留学生作业代写”或“本科毕业论文代写”,真正遇到的困难往往不是英语表达本身,而是不知道怎样把宏观经济学、微观经济学、计量经济学与国际商业问题放进同一个研究框架。优客网ukthesis创立于1999年,长期关注留学生论文写作、Project选题、研究框架、数据分析和英文润色。以下内容既可作为课程要求说明,也可用于检查自己的Project是否具备清楚的问题意识、可靠的方法和完整的论证过程。
这门课程一直是Utah State University经济系传统的高级项目课程,即Senior Project Course。参加课程的本科生通常已经学习过宏观经济学、微观经济学、管理经济学以及Macroeconomics for Managers等基础或进阶课程。
部分选修Economics 5950的学生还可能修读过Intermediate Macroeconomics、Intermediate Microeconomics、Applied Econometrics、Mathematical Economics,以及Industrial Economics/Game Theory、Financial Economics和History of Economic Thought等课程。此外,学生通常也接触过金融、会计、商业管理和公共政策方面的知识。
因此,这门课程并不是要求学生再重复一遍课本理论,而是希望学生把已经掌握的概念真正运用到一个完整项目中。学生完成该Project,也是履行课程要求的重要组成部分。
This course has been the traditional senior project course in the Department of Economics at Utah State University. Undergraduate students are expected to have completed principles courses in macroeconomics and microeconomics, together with courses in managerial economics and macroeconomics for managers.
Some students enrolled in Economics 5950 may also have studied intermediate macroeconomic and microeconomic theory, applied econometrics, mathematical economics, industrial economics or game theory, financial economics, and the history of economic thought. They may also have taken related courses in finance, accounting, business, and political policy. This course is therefore designed to bring these concepts together and apply them in a project completed as part of the course requirements.
对于国际课程部分,本课程仍然延续原有教学思路:帮助学生开发一个具有实际研究价值的Project,并根据调查和分析得出结论或预测。同时,课程也会加入战略管理、国际市场营销、国际商务与国际金融等内容,使经济学知识不只是停留在公式和图表中,而是能够解释真实的商业和政策问题。
学生需要在项目推进过程中,把经济学概念与国际市场、企业经营或政府政策结合起来,并将它们应用于商业问题、商业与政治交叉问题,或者某种方法论问题。
For this international offering, the course will continue the tradition of helping students develop a project, conduct an accompanying analysis, and draw conclusions and/or projections from their investigation. Discussion of economics will also be combined with selected elements of strategy, international marketing, international business, and finance.
This development will take place alongside the student’s own project. The project should combine these elements with relevant economic concepts and apply them to a business, business-political, or methodological problem or set of issues.
学生需要在任课教师的指导下,调查某个商业、战略、经济或方法论问题。这个调查可能是一项独立研究,也可能是某个企业、行业或政府机构提出的真实任务。
首先,学生需要识别当前问题并进行分析;随后,将经济学、商业管理、研究方法和政策类课程中的概念结合起来,形成完整的Project。研究不能只有观点,还要说明观点建立在什么理论、数据和分析方法之上。
The student, with guidance from the instructors, will investigate a business, strategic, economic, or methodological issue or problem. This investigation may include a project or assignment required by a particular business, industry, or government agency.
The current problem should first be identified and analyzed. The student then brings together economic, business, methodological, and policy-oriented concepts, along with relevant business and industry issues, to develop the project.
该项目可以为企业或政府机构制定一项策略,也可以围绕下列问题展开:
International marketing,国际市场营销;
Pricing issues,定价问题;
Export and import issues,进出口问题;
Government-business interaction,政府与企业互动;
Regulation,行业监管;
Statistical analysis,统计分析;
Econometrics,计量经济学;
Operations research,运筹学或运营研究。
有些项目偏向商业战略,有些则更偏重研究方法。例如,学生可以建立统计或计量经济模型,并说明该工具如何用于企业分析、政策评价或市场预测。
The project may develop a strategy for a business or government agency. It may focus on international marketing, pricing, export/import issues, government-business interaction and regulation. Alternatively, it may be a methodological exercise, such as developing a statistical, econometric, or operations-research tool that is useful for analysis.
学生需要在教师建议下选择一个值得研究的问题。选题确认以后,学生要对拟开展的分析进行介绍,并初步说明该Project计划研究什么、怎样研究、需要收集哪些数据,以及准备采用什么分析方法。
The student, with advice from the instructors, will choose a problem to work on. The student then presents the proposed analysis of the problem and provides an outline of what will be developed, what data will be collected if available, and what analytical approach will be required to reach meaningful conclusions.
对中国留学生而言,这一部分最容易出现的问题是“题目看起来很大,但实际无从下手”。比如,“全球化对经济的影响”范围过宽,而“人民币汇率变化对中国制造业出口价格的影响”就更容易确定变量、寻找数据并建立分析框架。
一个合适的Project题目通常需要回答三个问题:
研究对象是谁或是什么?
准备分析哪一种关系或问题?
数据和研究方法是否能够支持该问题?
无论学生自行完成,还是寻找经济学Project写作指导、美国Project辅导或留学生作业辅导,选题阶段都不能只看题目是否“高大上”,还要判断它是否可以在课程规定的时间内完成。
学生需要在教师和课程协调人员的帮助下,准备并介绍项目摘要。Proposal Brief应包含以下内容:
确定需要研究的问题或议题;
说明为解决该问题需要完成哪些工作,以及准备如何运用相关信息;
说明是否需要收集数据、收集什么数据以及怎样使用数据;
提出预计采用的分析方法;
说明哪些个人、企业或机构可能从该项目中受益;
解释项目能够产生这些价值的原因。
The student, with the help of the instructor and facilitator, will prepare and present a brief description of the project. The brief will include:
a) identification of the problem or issue;
b) what is to be done to solve the problem or apply relevant information to it;
c) the data to be collected and used, if applicable;
d) the proposed Methodology of analysis;
e) an indication of who may benefit from the project and why such benefits may arise.
Proposal Brief可以采用书面形式,也可以进行口头陈述。其基本结构如下:
1. Problem Statement
明确说明项目涉及什么问题。Problem Statement不能只写研究背景,还要直接指出需要调查、解释或解决的核心问题。
2. Existing Literature and Analytical Approach
介绍与该问题有关的现有文献,并说明准备怎样分析。这里不只是列出作者和年份,而是要解释不同文献如何帮助建立自己的研究框架。
3. Expected Results and Project Benefits
对Project可能取得的结果作出初步判断,并说明研究分析可能产生什么价值。需要注意,Expected Results只是一种有理论依据的预期,不是提前替数据下结论。
The brief may be delivered in written or oral form and should cover the following areas:
a) the problem statement—what problem or issue is involved;
b) existing literature on the problem and the proposed analytical approach;
c) expected results from the development of the project and the potential benefits of the analysis.
在课程接近结束时,学生需要展示自己对问题的分析和调查结果。Final Presentation通常包括:
Problem Statement;
Relevant Literature;
Analytical Model;
Data Analysis;
Discussion of Results;
Projection or Interpretation;
Final Outcome and Conclusion。
A presentation of the analysis and results of the investigation will be given toward the end of the course. It should include the problem statement, associated literature and literature review, the model used where appropriate, the analysis, and a discussion or projection of the results and outcomes.
根据Project的性质,部分内容可以用电子文件或摘要形式展示。例如,学生可以使用Excel Worksheets呈现数据处理过程,使用PowerPoint制作答辩演示,也可以提交统计软件、计量软件或其他分析工具产生的结果。
The presentation may, depending on the nature of the project, include electronic or summary materials such as Excel worksheets, PowerPoint slides, and results generated by other analytical software.
这里要提醒一句:软件输出并不等于分析。把Excel回归结果、Stata表格或SPSS图表直接贴进Project,只能证明运行过软件。学生还需要解释变量代表什么、结果是否显著、结论是否符合经济理论,以及研究存在哪些限制。
任课教师将根据班级规模和教室设施,决定学生是否可以在课堂上进行Presentation。课堂展示通常是比较理想的形式;如果客观条件不允许,学生可能需要提交书面报告、软件演示,或者同时提交Proposal Statement与Final Presentation。
The instructors will decide, depending on class size and classroom facilities, whether students can make their presentations in class, which is the preferred format, or whether students will be required to submit written or software-based presentations of both the proposal and the final project.
无论采用哪种方式,教师都会提前通知学生具体的展示要求。学生应当根据最终形式调整内容:书面报告强调结构和论证,口头展示则更强调信息取舍、图表可读性和时间控制。
课程开始阶段,教师会提供一些Project Topics。学生并非必须选择这些题目,除非其中某个题目符合自己的兴趣,而且具有进一步研究的可行性。
Some project topics will be offered by the instructors early in the course. Students are not required to use one of these topics unless a topic is of genuine interest and can feasibly be developed further.
教师鼓励学生尽早讨论选题,以便尽快开始研究。教师与学生也会共同查找网站资料和其他研究材料。对需要经济学Project代写、美国代写、本科毕业论文代写或留学生论文写作帮助的学生来说,课程提供的题目只能作为起点,最终仍要根据评分标准完成文献、数据、方法和结论之间的连接。
ONGOING TOPICS OF DISCUSSION IN THE COURSE:课程持续讨论的主题
课程中会持续讨论经济学、研究方法和商业战略方面的问题,主要包括以下几个方向。
A. Modeling and Methodological Tools
课程会简要回顾并进一步介绍常见的建模与分析工具,包括:
Statistics;
Econometrics;
Mathematical Programming;
Strategic Analysis;
Game-Theoretic Tools and Concepts。
Brief recall and development of modeling and methodological tools of analysis will include statistics, selected econometric techniques, mathematical programming, and strategic or game-theoretic tools and concepts.
这些工具并不是每一种都必须放进Project。学生应根据research Question选择合适的方法。如果研究的是汇率与出口额之间的关系,计量经济学方法可能比较合适;如果研究企业之间的定价行为,Game Theory可能更能解释问题。
B. International Marketing, Business and Strategy
课程会讨论国际市场、国际贸易与商业战略问题,包括:
Exporting and importing;
International pricing;
Exchange-rate issues;
Product adaptation;
Product differentiation;
International business strategy。
International marketing, business, and strategy topics include exporting, importing, international pricing, exchange-rate issues, product adaptation or differentiation, and strategy.
原文中的“税率问题”应修正为“汇率问题”,英文原文是exchange-rate issues。对于美国留学生Project写作而言,这类细节非常重要,翻译错误可能直接改变研究主题。
C. Supply Chain Management and Globalization
课程还会简要讨论供应链管理与全球化问题。
Some brief discussion will focus on supply chain management and globalization issues.
相关Project可以研究全球供应链中断、国际采购、物流成本、贸易政策、企业海外生产布局或全球化背景下的供应链风险。不过选题仍需进一步缩小,避免只做宽泛介绍。
D. Financial, Accounting and Economic Exposure
课程也会讨论金融、会计以及Economic Exposure问题,例如企业如何在国际业务中制定策略,降低汇率、市场或财务风险,并在全球化过程中进行规划。
Financial considerations, accounting issues, and economic exposure will be examined, including strategies to minimize such exposure in international business and approaches to planning as globalization develops.
A类主题主要帮助学生理解如何使用定量经济工具开展经济与商业分析;B至D类主题则主要提供国际商务视角。
The topics in Category A provide an overview of how quantitative economic tools can be applied to economic and business analysis. The remaining topics, Categories B–D, mainly provide an international-business perspective.
Development, Growth and International Policy Topics
有些学生可能对经济发展、经济增长等宏观经济问题感兴趣,也可能关注国际发展政策。这些领域存在许多值得研究的Project Topics。
Some students may be interested in development or growth issues that are macroeconomic in nature, while others may be interested in international development policy. There are many potentially valuable project topics in these areas.
由于课程时间有限,教师不会把这些内容设为主要讨论模块。不过,如果学生确实对该方向感兴趣,可以与教师沟通,由教师提供思路或帮助确定研究方向。
The course may not have sufficient time to establish this area as a main topic of discussion. However, students who are interested may communicate with the instructors, who can suggest ideas or point them toward a suitable direction for project development.
Online Learning and Supporting Materials
以上主题的讲解和讨论将通过Online Presentation或指定软件完成,并由教师和课程协调人员组织。课程会推荐相关文献和其他媒体材料,供学生进一步调查,但不会要求学生为了完成这些主题而购买多本教材。
The development and discussion of these topics will take place through online presentations or selected software and will be initiated by the instructor and facilitator. Relevant literature and other media will be recommended for investigation, but students will not be required to purchase several textbooks to work through the topic areas.
学习检查将通过简短的Worksheets进行。学生可以在教师和课程协调人员的帮助下完成这些练习,同时借助练习推进自己的Project。
Learning will be checked through brief worksheets completed by the student with support from the instructor and facilitator. These exercises will also help the student develop the project step by step
本课程成绩主要由Project Proposal、Final Project Presentation以及A至D主题相关作业组成。具体比例为:
评分项目
成绩占比
Project Proposal 20%
Final Project Development & Presentation 60%
Worksheet Completion 20%
如果课程安排不要求完成Worksheets,只完成Proposal、课程议题讨论和Final Project,那么评分比例调整为:
评分项目
成绩占比
Project Proposal 30%
Final Project Development & Presentation 70%
Grades for the course will be based on the project proposal, final project presentation, and work completed for Topics A–D, including possible worksheets used to check the learning process.
If worksheets are not required and the course focuses only on the proposal, discussion, and project, grading will consist of 30% for the Project Proposal and 70% for Final Project Development and Presentation, whether delivered orally or in another approved form.
Final Grade Scale
分数
等级
90%–100% A
88%–89% A-
85%–87% B+
81%–84% B
78%–80% B-
74%–77% C+
70%–73% C
63%–69% C-
60%–62% D
Below 60% F
If you are missing everything and receiving a grade below 63%, please speak with the instructor. Some aspects of the course work will need to be turned around.
这门Utah State University经济系高级项目课程,核心并不是让学生写一篇看起来很复杂的英文报告,而是检查学生能否把过去学习的宏观经济学、微观经济学、计量经济学、国际商务和研究方法真正结合起来。一个合格的Economics Project,应当从清楚的问题出发,经过文献回顾、数据收集和方法分析,最后形成可以解释、可以讨论,也能够接受质疑的结论。
中国留学生在完成美国经济学Project时,常见难点包括选题太宽、Proposal结构不清、模型与问题不匹配,以及只展示软件结果却缺少经济学解释。无论是搜索留学生论文代写、Project代写、美国代写、留学生作业代写还是本科毕业论文代写,首先都应弄清课程究竟要求什么。优客网ukthesis自1999年创立以来,长期关注留学生论文与Project写作需求,可围绕选题分析、研究框架、文献梳理、数据方法、英文修改和Presentation提供有针对性的写作支持。