MLA科研Dissertation研究与写作规范详解：留学生必看的Research Paper写作指南

MLA科研Dissertation研究与写作规范详解：留学生Research paper写作指南

对于很多刚到海外留学的同学来说，第一次接触Research Paper或者Dissertation时，往往会有些手足无措。

在国内学习阶段，我们更多习惯于根据教材内容完成作业，表达自己的观点和理解。但在国外大学，无论是本科阶段还是研究生阶段，导师更希望学生能够通过独立研究、文献分析以及学术论证来完成一篇具有研究价值的论文。

也正因为如此，MLA科研Dissertation写作成为许多留学生必须掌握的一项重要学术技能。

本文将结合MLA学术写作规范，从Research Paper的基本概念、Dissertation写作要求、摘要与关键词设置、参考文献格式以及常见写作误区等方面进行详细解析，希望能够帮助大家更快适应海外大学的学术环境。

什么是MLA科研Dissertation？

简单来说，Dissertation是一种基于学术研究成果形成的正式论文。

与普通课程Essay不同，Research Dissertation不仅要求学生表达自己的观点，还需要通过大量文献阅读、数据分析、案例研究或实验调查来支撑论证过程。

很多留学生刚开始接触学术论文时，容易将Research Paper理解为资料整理或者文献摘抄。事实上，真正优秀的Dissertation更强调研究能力和独立思考能力。

例如：

探讨一个尚未完全解决的问题；

分析某个现象背后的原因；

验证已有理论是否适用于新的研究场景；

提出新的见解或解决方案。

从某种意义上来说，Dissertation不仅是一篇论文，更是学生学术能力的综合体现。

MLA科研Dissertation写作的基本原则

无论研究方向属于商科、教育学、工程学还是社会科学，一篇合格的Research Dissertation通常需要遵循以下几个原则。

1. 结构清晰，逻辑严谨

论文各部分之间应当具有明确的逻辑关系。

从研究背景、文献综述到研究方法、数据分析和结论，每一个章节都应服务于研究问题。

导师最不希望看到的情况就是内容堆砌，却缺乏逻辑主线。

2. 研究问题明确

很多学生写论文最大的困难，不是资料不够，而是研究问题不够聚焦。

一个优秀的Dissertation通常会围绕一个明确的问题展开，而不是试图讨论过多内容。

3. 证据客观可靠

无论是文献引用还是数据分析，都应建立在真实可信的资料基础上。

在MLA格式要求下，所有引用内容都必须进行规范标注，避免出现学术不端问题。

4. 学术表达规范

学术写作强调客观、中立和准确。

因此在论文中应尽量避免情绪化表达，而采用事实和数据进行论证。

5. 尊重知识产权

引用他人观点时必须注明出处。

这一点不仅是MLA格式的核心要求，也是国外高校最重视的学术诚信原则之一。

Research Paper与Dissertation有什么区别？

这是许多留学生经常咨询的问题。

简单来说：

Research Paper通常篇幅较短，更注重针对某一问题进行分析和讨论。

Dissertation则属于系统性研究成果展示，篇幅更长，对研究设计、研究方法和数据分析提出更高要求。

本科阶段常见Research Paper写作，而硕士和博士阶段则更多涉及Dissertation写作。

不过无论是哪种形式，其核心目标都是通过研究过程形成自己的学术观点，而不是简单重复他人的结论。

为什么国外大学如此重视Research能力？

在海外高校看来，研究能力不仅关系到学术成绩，更关系到未来职业发展。

事实上，很多企业报告、商业计划书、市场分析报告以及政策研究文件，其写作逻辑与Research Paper非常相似。

因此，当学生学习如何搜集资料、分析信息、构建论证框架以及规范引用文献时，其实也在培养未来职场中必不可少的专业能力。

这也是为什么许多教授会反复强调：

Research Paper的价值不仅在于最终成绩，更在于研究过程本身。

MLA科研dissertation基本原则

1 架构必须清晰,表述必须清楚,逻辑必须合理,证据必须客观,态度必须严谨,尊重他人的劳动和贡献.

2 设置研究标准,学术模式文,很准确地表达问题,研究方法要设置良好并很好地实施,数据假设要合理、有用, 促进知识.

3 建议要精确、易理解、有说服力、语气恰当.

研究性dissertation的写作要求

(一)题名(Title,Topic)

题名即题目或标题。题名是用最恰当、最简明的词语反映dissertation中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。

dissertation题目是一篇dissertation给出的涉及dissertation范围与水平的第一个重要信息，也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。 dissertation题目十分重要，必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句话：”dissertation题目是文章的一半“。 对dissertation题目的要求是：准确得体：简短精炼：外延和内涵恰如其分：醒目。

(二)作者姓名和单位(Author and department)

这一项属于dissertation署名问题。署名一是为了表明文责自负，二是记录作用的劳动成果，三是便于读者与作者的联系及文献检索(作者索引)。大致分为二种情形，即：单个作者dissertation和多作者dissertation。后者按署名顺序列为第一作者、第二作者......。重要的是坚持实事求是的态度，对研究工作与dissertation撰写实际贡献最大的列为第一作者，贡献次之的，列为第二作者，余类推。注明作者所在单位同样是为了便于读者与作者的联系。

(三)摘要(Abstract)

dissertation一般应有摘要，有些为了国际交流，还有外文(多用英文)摘要。它是dissertation内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其他用是不阅读dissertation全文即能获得必要的信息。 摘要应包含以下内容：#p#分页标题#e#

①从事这一研究的目的和重要性;

②研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作;

③获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出dissertation的新见解;

④结论或结果的意义。

(四)关键词(Key words)

关键词属于主题词中的一类。主题词除关键词外，还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词。

主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型的情报检索语言词汇，正是由于它的出现和发展，才使得情报检索计算机化(计算机检索)成为可能。 主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物，用自然语言来表达，并且具有组配功能，用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组。

注意事项

dissertation摘要之撰写通常在整篇dissertation将近完稿期间开始，以期能包括所有之内容。但亦可提早写作，然后视研究之进度作适当修改。有关dissertation摘要写作时应注意下列事项：

(1).整理你的材料使其能在最小的空间下提供最大的信息面。

(2).用简单而直接的句子。避免使用成语、俗语或不必要的技术性用语。

(3).请多位同僚阅读并就其简洁度与完整性提供意见。

(4).删除无意义的或不必要的字眼。但亦不要矫枉过正，将应有之字眼过份删除，如在英文中不应删除必要之冠词如a'' an'' the等。

(5).尽量少用缩写字。在英文的情况较多，量度单位则应使用标准化者。特殊缩写字使用时应另外加以定义。

(6).不要将在文章中未提过的数据放在摘要中。

(7).不要为扩充版面将不重要的叙述放入摘要中，即使摘要仅能以一两句话概括，就让维持这样吧，切勿画蛇添足。

(8).不要将文中之所有数据大量地列于摘要中，平均值与标准差或其它统计指标仅列其最重要的一项即可。

(9).不要置放图或表于摘要之中，尽量采用文字叙述。

MLA科研dissertation装订规范

封面

目录

摘要

Abstract

前言

正文

结论

致谢

参考文献

毕业设计小结

附录

封底

四、 参考文献格式

序号、作者、书名（dissertation名）、出版社（期刊名）、出版时间（期刊时间）

注：完成1500字的外文文献译文

MLA科研dissertation英文叙述范例：

1Research and Writing

1.1THE RESEARCH PAPER AS A FORM OF EXPLORATION

During your school career you have probably written many personal essays that presented your thoughts, feelings, and opinions and that did not refer to any other source of information or ideas. Some subjects and assignments, however, require us to go beyond our personal knowledge and experience. We undertake research when we wish to explore an idea, probe an issue, solve a problem, or make an argument that compels us to turn to outside help. We then seek out, investigate, and use materials beyond our personal resources. The findings and conclusions of such an inquiry appear in the research paper. The term research paper describes a presentation of student research that may be in a printed, an electronic, or a multimedia format.#p#分页标题#e#

The research paper is generally based on primary research, secondary research, or a combination of the two. Primary research is the study of a subject through firsthand observation and investigation, such as analyzing a literary or historical text, a film, or a performance; conducting a survey or an interview; or carrying out a laboratory experiment. Primary sources include statistical data, historical documents, and works of literature or art. Secondary research is the examination of studies that other researchers have made of a subject. Examples of secondary sources are books and articles about political issues, historical events, scientific debates, or literary works.

Most academic papers depend at least partly on secondary research. No matter what your subject of study, learning to investigate, review, and productively use information, ideas, and opinions of other researchers will play a major role in your development as a student. The sorts of activities that constitute a research paper—identifying, locating, assessing, and assimilating others' research and then developing and expressing your own ideas clearly and persuasively—are at the center of the educational experience.

These skills are by no means just academic. Like the research papers you write in school, many reports and proposals required in business, government, and other professions rely on secondary research. Learning how to write a research paper, then, can help prepare you for assignments in your professional career. It is difficult to think of any profession that would not require you to consult sources of information about a specific subject, to combine this information with your ideas, and to present your thoughts, findings, and conclusions effectively.

Research increases your knowledge and understanding of a subject. Sometimes research will confirm your ideas and opinions; sometimes it will challenge and modify them. But almost always it will help to shape your thinking. Unless your instructor specifically directs you otherwise, a research paper should not merely review publications and extract a series of quotations from them. Rather, you should look for sources that provide new information, that helpfully survey the various positions already taken on a specific subject, that lend authority to your viewpoint, that expand or nuance your ideas, that offer methods or modes of thought you can apply to new data or subjects, or that furnish negative examples against which you wish to argue. As you use and scrupulously acknowledge sources, however, always remember that the main purpose of doing research is not to summarize the work of others but to assimilate and to build on it and to arrive at your own understanding of the subject.

A book like this cannot present all the profitable ways of doing research. Because this handbook emphasizes the mechanics of preparing effective papers, it may give you the mistaken impression that the process of researching and writing a research paper follows a fixed pattern. The truth is that different paths can and do lead to successful research papers. Some researchers may pursue a more or less standard sequence of steps, but others may find themselves working less sequentially. In addition, certain projects lend themselves to a standard approach, whereas others may call for different strategies. Keeping in mind that researchers and projects differ, this book discusses activities that nearly all writers of research papers perform, such as selecting a suitable topic, conducting research, compiling a working bibliography, taking notes, outlining, and preparing the paper.#p#分页标题#e#

If you are writing your first research paper, you may feel overwhelmed by the many tasks discussed here. This handbook is designed to help you learn to manage a complex process efficiently. As you follow the book's advice on how to locate and document sources, how to format your paper, and so forth, you may be tempted to see doing a paper as a mechanical exercise. Actually, a research paper is an adventure, an intellectual adventure rather like solving a mystery: it is a form of exploration that leads to discoveries that are new—at least to you if not to others. The mechanics of the research paper, important though they are, should never override the intellectual challenge of pursuing a question that interests you. This quest or search should guide your research and your writing. Even though you are just learning how to prepare a research paper, you may still experience some of the excitement of pursuing and developing ideas that is one of the great satisfactions of research, and scholarship.

1.2THE RESEARCH PAPER AS A FORM OF WRITING

A research paper is a form of written communication. Like other kinds of nonfiction writing—letters, memos, reports, essays, articles, books — it should present information and ideas clearly and effectively. You should not let the mechanics of gathering source materials, taking notes, and documenting sources make you forget to apply the knowledge and skills you have acquired through previous writing experiences.

This handbook is not about expository writing. (See 1.12 for a selected list of useful books on composition, usage, language, and style.) It is, instead, a guide for the preparation of research papers. No set of conventions for preparing a manuscript can replace lively and intelligent writing, however, and no amount of research and documentation can compensate for a poor presentation of ideas. Although you must fully document the facts and opinions you draw from your research.