留学生论文代写：《人工智能伦理》（节选）英汉翻译实践报告：机翻时代下的学术文本精译与审校研究

在当前AI技术席卷学术界的浪潮下，人工智能伦理的探讨早已不仅限于理论层面，而是直接映射到了具体翻译与文本产出的实践中。无论是面对当前市场复杂的论文代写行情ptt讨论，还是应对日益增长的留学生论文代写与毕业论文代写需求，如何确保学术文本的严谨性与伦理合规，成为了高校与学者共同关注的焦点。

坦白讲，现在许多学生在面对高难度的学位论文代写或博士论文代写时，往往由于语言壁垒或时间压力，倾向于寻找外部支持。市面上的论文代写平台和博士论文代写平台鱼龙混杂，不少人甚至盲目尝试低成本的AI论文代写，这不仅容易产生严重的学术伦理风险，其机械的语感也无法满足高端学术规范。相比之下，合理的AI论文润色或选择真正靠谱的论文代写机构进行合规指导，才是提升学术表达的稳妥途径。

作为一名长期从事学术研究的学者，常有同行和学生私信问我：国内论文代写现状如何？论文代写多少钱才算合理？甚至具体到博士代写、代写博士论文（代 写 博士 论文）的实际可行性。对此我认为，一味盲从论文代写的快径不可取，但深入研究诸如《人工智能伦理》这类前沿文本的英汉翻译实践，却能为我们划清机器辅助与学术不端的界限。本报告正是基于这样的背景，对《人工智能伦理》节选章节进行深度翻译与反思，旨在为学术文本的高质量转化提供一条既符合伦理、又兼顾专业水准的实践路径。

目录

摘要

Abstract

1 Task Descriptio

As an MTI major, the main research is on the translation of science and technology. Bysearching on the Internet, the translator chooses The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence - CaseStudies and Options for Addressing Ethical Challenges, published in 2023 by Bernd CarstenStahl et al., as the source text for this translation task. This chapter includes selection of thesource text, analysis of the source text, and significance of the translation practice.

1.1 Introduction to the Source TextThe source text belongs to scientific texts, which focuses on conveying the meaning andinformation to readers. Therefore, “the translation does not require a word-to-wordcorrespondence between the form of the target language and the source language. ‘Content ismore important than form’ is one of the important criteria of scientific translation” (Zheng & Cao,2011:17). There are prominent distinctions between Chinese and English in language expressionsand features. The author has to adopt “form transformation” as one main translation strategy soas to meet the requirements of the before-mentioned standards, leading to inevitable emergenceof “translation shift”.The source text currently has no official Chinese translation and has obtained formaltranslation authorization from the author. It introduces several real-life problems caused by AI,using the method of case study and provide commentaries and strategies for overcoming ethicalchallenges. From the political, economical, and ethical perspective, the whole book considershuman relationships with AI. It aims to encourage readers to reflect how AI have changed ourlife and what human can do to better regulate AI technology and protect themselves.

1.2 Features of the Source TextThe features of the scientific and technical English text are quite obvious: extensive use ofpassive structures, the use of professional terms, the use of long sentences and so on. Comparedwith other theories, Catford’s translation shift theory is clearly categorized and detailed at themicro level, so the translator chose it as the guiding theory.Specifically in terms of the selected source text, specialized words that are not commonlyfound in ordinary English texts are often used, and AI-related words tend to be phrases of two ormore words, such as algorithmic bias, digital divide, artificial neural networks, naturalintelligence, etc. In addition, as the original text refers to many cases from different countries orareas, as well as many names of organizations, institutions, and documents, and acronyms,including the Rome Call for AI Ethics, Equality Act, UNESCO, CEN, ICT (information andcommunications technology) and so on. The translator put them together and establishedglossary.In syntax there are quite a lot long difficult sentences with complex grammatical structures,such as “AI approaches led to a rapidly expanding set of uses and applications which frequentlyresulted in consequences that were deemed ethically problematic, such as unfair or illegaldiscrimination, exclusion and political interference.” The sentence contains a non-restrictiveattributive clause introduced by “which” and attributive clauses introduced by “that”.In terms of writing style, the source text is a collection of papers, and is completed bydifferent author. However, since each chapter is written in the mode of “introduction + cases +responses + key insights ” , and all three authors were members of the EU-funded SHERPAproject (2018-2021), led by Bernd Stahl, they are all objectively demonstrating the ethical issuesof AI and ways of addressing them thus no obvious style differences are reflected.

1.3 Purpose and Significance of the TaskAI (Artificial Intelligence) has been in development for more than 60 years, and now AI haspenetrated into every corner of our lives, such as smart speakers, face recognition, driverless car,etc. Especially in recent years, the speedy growth of AI technology has appealed to widespreadconcerns. From machine learning, deep learning to reinforcement learning, AI technology hasmade many amazing achievements. In the future, the development prospect of AI technology isstill very broad.Yet research into AI ethics is nascent and lags far behind the pace of AI development.Unlike previous technological revolutions, AI is expected to replace humans in a number of areas,and also carries the potential risk of harming them. To prevent misuse of AI technology, theethics of AI must be studied and promoted before the complexity becomes uncontrollable.As a graduate student majoring in scientific and technological translation, the translator noticedthat AI has become one of the hottest topics in recent years and one of the most typicalrepresentatives is ChatGPT. Many classmates and friends of mine are using this tool to helpthemselves with their paper writing. Translating related articles not only helps the translator tounderstand more relevant knowledge, but also improve translation skills. In this paper, thetranslator selects translation shift theory as the guiding theory, and uses translation techniquesincluding addition, omission, splitting and merging to translate the original text, aiming toprovide some help or reference for other 

2 Process Description

The translation task contains about 20,000 words of source text in English, and over 30,000words of target text in Chinese. In this chapter, the translator introduces preparations beforetranslation, works done during translation, and post-translation editing

.2.1 Preparation before TranslationThe pre-translation preparation is making up task schedule, analyzing the characteristics ofthe source text, selecting suitable guiding theory, and choosing suitable translation tools, so as tohelp the translator understand the characteristics of the text and get familiar with the relevantvocabulary in the field of artificial intelligence, so as to improve the translator’s work efficiency

.2.1.1 Project scheduleMaking a schedule allows the author to divide the huge task of translation work and reportwriting work into smaller units that are easier to accomplish, ensuring the quality of thetranslation and the on-time delivery of the report. The translator takes the month as the unit ofmeasurement and divides the whole project into pre-translation preparation, completion of thefirst draft, revision of the translation, completion of the translation practice report, revision of thereport, etc. The following arrangement is only for the translator's reference, and there may bedelays in the actual writing 

3 Case Analysis

3.1 Level Shifts

3.2 Category Shifts

4 Summary

4.1 Reflections

This translation project has significantly enhanced the translator's comprehension oflinguistic levels and their interconversion. The process facilitates the acquisition of specializedknowledge in AI ethics while developing practical skills in technical text translation.Additionally, it provided valuable insights for the translator to pursue improvement in the future.4.1 ReflectionsScientific and technological texts are characterized by strict language, accurate content andobjective expression, and when translating, the translator should pay attention to thesecharacteristics and strive to make the style of translation the same as that of the original text.Catford's translation shift theory focuses on linguistic phenomena at the level of sentence andbelow (words, phrases and sentences), providing a concrete operational guidance for translationpractice. It provides specific language comparison methods for translation practice, especially fortechnical texts, legal contracts and other fields that require formal correspondence. Throughanalysis and practice, the author proves that Catford’s translation shift theory is widelyapplicable to various types of texts, and therefore can be used to guide scientific andtechnological translation.English has morphological changes, whereas Chinese, strictly speaking, has nomorphological changes. Therefore, the Chinese language needs to express the meaning of theEnglish grammatical level through specific vocabulary, thus giving rise to level shift.For syntactic and stylistic reasons, passive voice is a common grammatical phenomenon inEnglish. However, the use of “passive voice” in Chinese is relatively less. Translating Englishpassive voice into Chinese active voice is also an important means to realize fluent translation,which is a kind of structure shift. In addition, the translation of sentences containing “impersonalsubject” into sentences beginning with “personal subject” and the shifts between postpositiveand prepositive determiners also belong to structure shifts.In terms of vocabulary, nouns are preferred in English while verbs in Chinese. In translationpractice, the class shift of English nouns into Chinese verbs occurs quite often. Besides, othertypes of class shifts is also very common, such as adjective to adverb, adjective to verb,

4.2 Limitations

This report still has large room to be improved. The translator will summarize the problemsencountered and propose solutions to help the translation practice in the future.In the first place, the translator is not majored in corresponding subjects in college thoughtext about AI ethics is chosen. Therefore, some expressions could trouble the translator whentranslating, such as “proxy variables”, “intersectionality”, “disclosive ethics”, “adversarialrobustness”, etc.Secondly, proficiency in the use of computer software, such as Trados, Multiterm, Xbench,etc., has become one of the necessary qualities for translators. However, the author are not yetproficient enough in these tools, and therefore the speed and accuracy of translations and theaesthetics of the typesetting are not comparable to those of professional translators. There areinevitably errors and omissions in the translation, so please feel free to criticize and correct them.As MTI students, we realize that only through a lot of translation practice can weaccumulate experience and lay a solid foundation for our future career.By completing this translation practice report, the author hopes to gain a deeperunderstanding of Catford's theory of translation transfer and use it to guide more translationpractice activities in the future. By analyzing and translating a large number of AI texts, theauthor has benefited a lot. Therefore, the author hopes that this translation practice can also helpother translators in their future research on scientific and technological texts and provide someinformation for those who are interested in AI ethics.Finally it should be pointed out that Catford’s translation shift theory is not perfect, as theshift model he proposes only occurs below the sentence level without taking into account thelevel of paragraphs and discourse. In translation practice, the translator should not be confined toone theory, but should flexibly utilize various translation methods and strategie

Bibliography

Appendix Ⅰ: Translated Text

Appendix Ⅱ: Source Text